一种射频能量捕获无线传感器网络的分层分步数据收集策略

在射频能量捕获无线传感器网络中,采用多跳的方式将数据发送给网络中的Sink节点能够减少节点间的通信距离,从而减少能量的消耗,但增加了转发节点的收发数据量。为了减少网络中转发节点的负载,延长网络的生命周期,提出了一种分层分步的数据收集方法(Layer-Step Data Collection,LSDC)。通过对网络中节点能量进行捕获和在能量消耗过程进行建模,得到节点的剩余能量。通过运用多次“跳”命令的方式通知网络中的传感器节点分步地将采集到的数据传递给Sink节点。在传递节点的选择上,以能量状况最佳的节点作为传递节点,最终达到高效地将网络中的数据全部收集到Sink节点进行处理的目的。理论分析与仿真实验结果表明,与采用逐层收集数据的方法(Layer-By-Layer Data Collection,LDC)相比,所提方案更节能,能量消耗更均衡,能够延长网络的生命周期。     

Improving the estimation of Kendall's tau when censoring affects only one of the variables

This paper considers the estimation of Kendall's tau for bivariate data (X,Y) when only Y is subject to right-censoring. Although τ is estimable under weak regularity conditions, the estimators proposed by Brown et al. [1974. Nonparametric tests of independence for censored data, with applications to heart transplant studies. Reliability and Biometry, 327-354], Weier and Basu [1980. An investigation of Kendall's τ modified for censored data with applications. J. Statist. Plann. Inference 4, 381-390] and Oakes [1982. A concordance test for independence in the presence of censoring. Biometrics 38, 451-455], which are standard in this context, fail to be consistent when τ≠0 because they only use information from the marginal distributions. An exception is the renormalized estimator of Oakes [2006. On consistency of Kendall's tau under censoring. Technical Report, Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY], whose consistency has been established for all possible values of τ, but only in the context of the gamma frailty model. Wang and Wells [2000. Estimation of Kendall's tau under censoring. Statist. Sinica 10, 1199-1215] were the first to propose an estimator which accounts for joint information. Four more are developed here: the first three extend the methods of Brown et al. [1974. Nonparametric tests of independence for censored data, with applications to heart transplant studies. Reliability and Biometry, 327-354], Weier and Basu [1980, An investigation of Kendall's τ modified for censored data with applications. J. Statist. Plann. Inference 4, 381-390] and Oakes [1982, A concordance test for independence in the presence of censoring. Biometrics 38, 451-455] to account for information provided by X, while the fourth estimator inverts an estimation of Pr(Y_i?y|X_i=x_i,Y_i>c_i) to get an imputation of the value of Y_i censored at C_i=c_i. Following Lim [2006. Permutation procedures with censored data. Comput. Statist. Data Anal. 50, 332-345], a nonparametric estimator is also considered which averages the obtained from a large number of possible configurations of the observed data (X₁,Z₁),…,(X_n,Z_n), where Z_i=min(Y_i,C_i). Simulations are presented which compare these various estimators of Kendall's tau. An illustration involving the well-known Stanford heart transplant data is also presented.     

金融危机触发白色家电企业发展客户关系管理新契机

金融危机使得整个家电行业都受到了严重的冲击,白色家电企业更是面临着原材料涨价、市场饱和、利润缩水等困境。本文首先论述了金融危机对白色家电企业的影响,然后提出了客户关系管理的应对出路。针对白色家电企业的特点,着重论述了企业实施CRM基本目标、基本框架以及实施后的功能效果等问题,为白色家电企业找到新的利润增长点、走出金融危机、成功实现＂V＂型反转提供了有价值的参考。     

The use of lifetime functions in the optimization of interventions on existing bridges considering maintenance and failure costs

In the last decade, it became clear that life-cycle cost analysis of existing civil infrastructure must be used to optimally manage the growing number of aging and deteriorating structures. The uncertainties associated with deteriorating structures require the use of probabilistic methods to properly evaluate their lifetime performance. In this paper, the deterioration and the effect of maintenance actions are analyzed considering the performance of existing structures characterized by lifetime functions. These functions allow, in a simple manner, the consideration of the effect of aging on the decrease of the probability of survival of a structure, as well as the effect of maintenance actions. Models for the effects of proactive and reactive preventive maintenance, and essential maintenance actions are presented. Since the probability of failure is different from zero during the entire service life of a deteriorating structure and depends strongly on the maintenance strategy, the cost of failure is included in this analysis. The failure of one component in a structure does not usually lead to failure of the structure and, as a result, the safety of existing structures must be analyzed using a system reliability framework. The optimization consists of minimizing the sum of the cumulative maintenance and expected failure cost during the prescribed time horizon. Two examples of application of the proposed methodology are presented. In the first example, the sum of the maintenance and failure costs of a bridge in Colorado is minimized considering essential maintenance only and a fixed minimum acceptable probability of failure. In the second example, the expected lifetime cost, including maintenance and expected failure costs, of a multi-girder bridge is minimized considering reactive preventive maintenance actions.     

Reliability investigations in micromechanical devices

Fatigue limited lifetime of micromechanical structures has been investigated. To determine the maximum cycle number up to failure a modified Paris equation has been used to model crack growth under load. Test structures (cantilever beams) with well-defined pre-cracks were externally loaded at resonance frequency. Single crystalline silicon as functional material (bulk micromachining) was investigated. Measured and simulated critical stress intensity factors are strongly correlated for all investigated test structures and for different crack lengths showing the validity of the used model. Lifetime decreases exponentially for loads approaching a critical stress intensity. Using the experimental results determined at test structures and the simulation model, fatigue limited lifetime of micromechanical device with typical, process induced crack distribution can be extrapolated.     

SHAPE OPTIMIZATION FOR FATIGUE PROBLEMS IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) is a very important topic in mechanical engineering problems. Almost any machine part contains some changes in cross section or boreholes connected with stress concentration. It is the task of shape optimization to improve the strength of machine parts by changing the design at free boundaries. In the past, some work was done with the so-called classical stress concentration factors just to minimize the mentioned stress concentration, also for fatigue. This paper represents a more sophisticated view by including modern Continuum Damage Mechanics (CDM) to model material behavior in HCF. The central question is to design machinery parts so that maximum lifetime is obtained. The whole context for this is developed in this paper, including non-linear finite element algorithms. The paper concludes with numerical and experimental tests for the shape optimization of a notched tension bar in HCF.     

Lifetime determination of tetragonal zirconia under static loading using the Constant Stress Rate method

Subcritical crack growth is a phenomenon which limits service time of a ceramic material. It is especially prevalent for oxides, because this phenomenon is attributed to the activity of water at the crack tip of the material and can be caused even by water present as a humidity in the air (Salem and Jenkins, 2002; Michalske and Freiman, 1983). It is very important to determine its lifetime at the setting loads with high probabilities of survival. The Constant Stress Rate method gives results that are sufficient for lifetime predictions. Estimations are based on n parameter which results from the slope of the strength vs. stress rate dependence. Only a conversion from dynamic to static conditions has to be done (Wojteczko et al., 2016). The attempts were made at different stress rates on sintered samples with pre-existing flaws and in two environments − air and water. Tetragonal zirconia was the tested material. Biaxial loading method was used for strength measurements. Microstructural and fractographic observations were made using the scanning electron microscope.     

Power grid redundant path contribution in system on chip (SoC) robustness against electromigration

The miniaturisation of integrated circuits leads to reliability issues such as electromigration (EMG). This well-known phenomenon is checked at design level by CAD tools. The conventional EMG check methods are based on electrical parameters. However, the wire physical degradation depends also on the interconnection network structure. In order to improve the EMG check methodologies, we propose an accurate method based on failure mechanism and chip power grid configuration. Indeed, the power grid offers redundant paths in case of void in main power supply path. The principle of our method is to take into account the contribution of these redundant paths in power grid lifetime assessment. These effects are validated by silicon ageing tests on structures designed in 28 nm Full Depleted Silicon on Insulator (FDSOI). These accelerated tests results have confirmed the lifetime gain due to the redundancy. These results provide perspectives for the relaxation of wire current limits and improve the chip design toward EMG.     

Influence of metal ion concentration in the glycol mediated synthesis of Gd2O3:Eu nanophosphor

The solvothermal synthesis of highly luminescent and homogeneous Gd₂O₃:Eu³⁺ nanophosphor using diethylene glycol as medium, followed by controlled combustion with citric acid as fuel is reported. The influence of concentrations of carboxylic acid and metal cations on the structure, morphology and luminescence properties are investigated in detail. The microscopic investigations indicate the nanocrystalline nature and the strong influence of cation concentration on the size, shape and agglomeration of the particles. It is found that increase in concentration of metal cations lead to the reduction in agglomeration of nanophosphors. The large value of intensity parameter Ω_2, suggested that Eu³⁺ ions reside in a more asymmetric environment, resulted in intense emission due to ⁵D₀–⁷F₂ electric dipole transition. Emission decay analysis of the samples exhibited one exponential nature. The samples prepared under optimum conditions showed a quantum efficiency of 78.63% and a moderately high life time of 1.217 ms.     

电子元器件贮存可靠性评估与预测的贝叶斯方法

基于电子元件寿命试验的二项型数据信息,提出了电子元件贮存可靠性评估与预测的贝叶斯方法.利用环境因子将电子元件产品在不同贮存条件下的试验数据进行折合,依据贝叶斯理论对小样本下可能出现的数据"数据倒挂"进行预处理,并评估出其在各已知贮存时间点上的可靠度,再运用配曲线法得到产品的贮存寿命分布,进而对其贮存可靠度进行合理预测.最后,通过一个实例说明了方法的可行性.