Effect of pressure, subcooling, and dissolved gas on pool boiling heat transfer from microporous, square pin-finned surfaces in FC-72

The present research is an experimental study of the effects of pressure, subcooling, and non-condensable gas (air) on the pool nucleate boiling heat transfer performance of microporous enhanced finned surfaces. The test surfaces, solid copper blocks with 1-cm² bases and 5×5 square pin-fin arrays of 2, 4 and 8 mm fin lengths, were immersed in FC-72. The test conditions included an absolute pressure range of 30-150 kPa and a subcooling range of 0 (saturation) to 50 K. Effects of these parameters on nucleate boiling and critical heat flux (CHF) were investigated. In addition, differences between pure subcooled and gas-saturated conditions as well as horizontal and vertical base orientations were also investigated. Results showed that, in general, the effects of pressure and subcooling on both nucleate boiling and CHF were consistent with previously tested flat surface results, however, subcooling was found to significantly affect the high heat flux region of the microporous finned surfaces nucleate boiling curves. The relative enhancement of CHF from increased subcooling was greater for the microporous surface than the plain surface but less than a microporous flat surface. The horizontal orientation (horizontal base/vertical fins) was found to be slightly better than the vertical orientation (vertical base/horizontal fins). Correlations for both nucleate boiling and CHF for the microporous surfaces were also developed.     

Analysis of experimental hydrocarbon localised fires with and without engulfed steel members

Localised fires can represent an important hazard to structural safety of buildings where a fully generalised fire cannot develop or when it is at its early stage. Plume correlations given in the codes are valid for undisturbed plume and it is not known whether the presence of a structural element engulfed into the localised fire can affect the validity of such correlations. In structural design, this may lead to highly conservative assumptions or, even, to possible misuses of the correlations. In order to provide insight into this issue, a comprehensive experimental programme aimed at providing data on hydrocarbon localised fires with and without engulfed vertical steel members was performed. In detail, a series of 22 tests of circular hydrocarbon pool fires in well-ventilated conditions of diameters ranging from 0.6 m to 2.2 m were performed with diesel and heptane. The particular aspect of these tests is that they were performed by means of a system that controlled the fuel flow and thus the rate of heat release (RHR) of the fire. The flame length and the temperatures of the fire plume measured experimentally were compared with existing plume correlations, data in the literature and the Eurocode correlations. The results show that: the presence of the column contributed to “straighten” the flame; although pool fires with same diameters were characterised by the same RHR, the flame length was different depending on the fuel type; experimental gas temperatures were lower than the temperature correlation given in the Eurocodes. In sum, the correlations included in the Eurocodes provided reasonable predictions in terms of flame length and of fire plume temperature rise around a steel vertical element located along the centreline of the localised fire.     

热轧钢板生产过程中能源消耗情况监测系统的设计

以JSP技术和数据库技术为基础,提出一种基于GPRS的实时监测系统,用于监测热轧钢板生产过程中各种能源的消耗情况,为优化工艺,节能减排,降低生产成本提供有效指导。为了解决系统开发过程中存在的数据库连接影响系统性能的问题,提高数据库的访问效率,提出使用连接池的解决方案,并分析连接池的工作原理及其实现方法。     

Optimal power flow application issues in the Pool paradigm

This paper focuses on the application of the Optimal Power Flow (OPF) to competitive markets. Since the OPF is a central decision-making tool its application to the more decentralized decision-making in the competitive electricity markets requires considerable care. There are some intrinsic challenges associated with the effective OPF application in the competitive environment due to the inherent characteristics of the OPF formulation. Two such characteristics are the flatness of the optimum surface and the consequent continuum associated with the optimum. In addition to these OPF structural characteristics, the level of authority vested in the central decision-making entity has major ramifications. These factors have wide ranging economic impacts, whose implications are very pronounced due to the fact that, unlike in the old vertically integrated utility environment, various market players are affected differently. The effects include price volatility, financial health of various players and the integrity of the market itself. We apply appropriate metrics to evaluate market efficiency and how the various players fare. We study the impacts of OPF applications in the Pool paradigm, with both supply and demand side explicitly modeled, and provide extensive numerical results on systems based on IEEE 30-bus and 118-bus networks. The results show the variability of nodal prices and the skew possible in different ‘optimal’ allocations among competing suppliers. Such variability in the results may lead to serious disputes among the players and the central decision-making authority. Directions for future research are discussed.     

水平强化管外池沸腾换热性能实验研究

以目前广泛使用的R22为工质,对Turbo-BⅡ管管内外换热性能进行了实验研究;管内以水为加热介质;在恒定热流密度与饱和压力不变条件下,改变进水水温和流速得到一系列实验数据,再通过威尔逊（Wilson）图解法同时得到管内外换热关联式;给出了不同管内流速时管外沸腾换热性能对比图;Turbo-BⅡ管管外沸腾换热性能比普通低翅管提高了1．6-2．5倍;在实验条件范围内,Turbo—BⅡ管内热阻是控制热阻。     

R123水平强化单管外池沸腾换热实验研究

对替代工质R123在光管、机加工多孔表面强化管水平单管外池沸腾换热进行了实验研究.在沸腾温度分别为5℃、8℃和10℃时,光管外沸腾换热系数的实验数值较Cooper公式的预测值最大偏低10%;同时得到了强化管外沸腾换热系数随热流密度、沸腾压力的变化规律以及强化管的强化效果,强化管的强化倍率在4.56～4.18之间.对R11也进行了同样实验,并把二者沸腾换热特性进行比较,强化管外R123比R11沸腾换热系数要低8%左右.     

Building Community

Without the legal and economic strictures of permanent construction, pop-up architecture offers a unique opportunity for architects to build small-scale structures that enable community participation and social engagement. What, though, are the political manifestations for instigating this type of public participation through lightweight architectural programming? Andrea Kahn , Adjunct Professor of Urban Planning at Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation (GSAPP), examines this phenomenon by profiling three projects located in the public realm by Jonathan Kirschenfeld and CDR Studio in New York, and Vallo Sadovsky Architects in Bratislava.