空气泡沫灭火剂与石油化工火灾扑救

近年来频发的石油化工火灾为人们敲响了安全警钟,再一次引起人们对石油化工火灾问题的高度关注。文章介绍了在石油化工火灾中常用空气泡沫灭火剂的种类、灭火机理、适用范围、优点及不足,指出了空气泡沫灭火剂使用时的注意事项,并展望了其在石油化工火灾中的应用前景。     

Indirect Synthesis of Bis(2‐PhInd)ZrCl2 Metallocene Catalyst,Kinetic Study and Modeling of Ethylene Polymerization

Bis(2‐phenylindenyl)zirconium dichloride (bis(2‐PhInd)ZrCl₂) catalyst was synthesized via the preparation of bis(2‐phenylindenyl)zirconium dimethyl (bis(2‐PhInd)ZrMe₂) followed by chlorination to obtain the catalyst. Performance of the catalyst for ethylene polymerization and its kinetic behavior were investigated. Activity of the catalyst increased as the [Al]:[Zr] molar ratio increased to 2333:1, followed by reduction at higher ratios. The maximum activity of the catalyst was obtained at a polymerization temperature of 60 °C. The rate‐time profile of the reaction was of a decay type under all conditions. A general kinetic scheme was modified by considering a reversible reaction of latent site formation, and used to predict dynamic polymerization rate and viscosity average molecular weight of the resulting polymer. Kinetic constants were estimated by the Nelder‐Mead numerical optimization algorithm. It was shown that any deviation from the general kinetic behavior can be captured by the addition of the reversible reaction of latent site formation. Simulation results were in satisfactory agreement with experimental data.     

Reactive supercritical fluid extrusion for development of moisture resistant starch‐based foams

The main objective of this work was to reduce barriers that prevent the usage of starch‐based foams by understanding the effect and the sequence of dual‐modification of crosslinked (XL) and acetylated (Ac) starch in one continuous supercritical fluid reactive extrusion (SCFX) process on wetting properties, physicochemical properties, and cellular structure of solid foam. The starch was reacted with epichlorohydrin (EPI) and acetic anhydride (Ac) under alkaline conditions in a twin‐screw extruder in the presence of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO₂). An increase in EPI concentration from 0.00 to 3.00% increased the degree of crosslinking as measured by DSC and confirmed by the quantification of the glucose units in the solution after acid hydrolysis. We observed a reduction of the glucose units from 93.07% for 0.00% EPI to 6.73% when 3.00% EPI was added. With crosslinking/acetylation processing, contact angle was higher for modified starches, indicating that chemical treatments induced dramatic changes in their surface polarity. Compared with native, the contact angle for dual modified starch increased from 43.1° to 91.7° which indicated their lower wettability. The addition of SC‐CO₂, EPI, and Ac to the formulation reduced the density of the extrudates and increased the expansion ratio. The average cell size in the extrudate determined by scanning electron microscopy was also found to decrease from 150 to 34 μm by the addition of the two reagents. Moreover, the dual‐modification of starches provided more hardness and adhesiveness to the extrudates than was observed for the unmodified starches. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Kinetics,Thermodynamics, and Isothermic Evaluation in Sorption Study of Hazardous Dye Using Sodium Dodecylsulfate Physically Impregnated in Polyester‐Type Polyurethane Foam

Use of polyester‐type polyurethane foam (PUF) is an effective adsorbent for the removal of hazardous dye: crystal violet (CV) from an aqueous solution. In this adsorption study, the formation of hydrophobic ion pair (opposite charge attraction) between the charged species, i.e., cationic (basic) dye CV and anionic surfactant sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) sorbed onto PUF. Chemical calculations were performed using quantum simulation to understand ion‐pair formation for CV–SDS at the semiempirical PM6 level. Adsorption studies were performed using 200 mg cylindrical PUF with an overhead stirrer in solutions containing varying compositions of the dye–surfactant mixture. The equilibrium thermodynamics and kinetics of the adsorption process were studies by measuring CV dye removal as a function of time and temperature. Results show that the formation of the dye–surfactant ion pair is necessary for effective adsorption onto PUF. Various adsorption isotherms, viz., Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin–Radushkevich (DRK), Harkin‐Jura, and several kinetic models, viz., pseudo‐first order, pseudo‐second order, Elovich, and Intraparticle diffusion were used to fit the spectrophotometric result. The equilibrium adsorption data fit to the Langmuir isotherm gives the maximum adsorption of PUF as 33.39 mg g^?1 from 200 mL 5.0 × 10^?5 mol L^?1 CV solution at 298.15 K. The kinetics study showed that the overall adsorption process follows pseudo‐second‐order kinetics. The Morris–Weber model suggests that an intraparticle diffusion process is active in controlling the adsorption rate. The Freundlich, Temkin, DRK adsorption isotherms showed that solute dye transfers from solution to the PUF adsorbent surface through physical adsorption. The Langmuir and Harkin‐Jura adsorption isotherms suggest that the adsorbent surface is homogeneous in nature. The thermodynamic data showed that the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic with a positive enthalpy change and a negative change in Gibb's energy.     

Regulation of pore cell structures of coal-based carbon foams based on the nucleation mechanism of microcellular polymer

It is widely accepted that the performance of carbon foams can be regulated by the tailoring of pore cell structures to meet the requirements of various applications. However, no theory has been used to date for guiding such regulation. In this work, carbon foams were prepared by saturating vitrinite concentrate with nitrogen gas under high pressure. The influence of key factors on the pore cell structure of carbon foams was investigated systematically. The results showed that the mean cell diameter and the bulk density of carbon foams can be regulated, respectively, in the ranges 140–440?µm and 0.29–0.75?g/cm³, which indicates that vitrinite concentrate separated from fat coal is highly suitable for the preparation of carbon foams. The variation trends of the pore cell structures were well explained by combining the homogeneous nucleation mechanism of microcellular polymer with the viscosity of the fusant formed from vitrinite concentrate. The inherent reason for all the variation trends is related to the gas nuclei density and viscosity of the fusant. More importantly, a strategy is suggested to successfully accomplish the design and regulation of the pore structure of carbon foams by taking into account the homogeneous nucleation mechanism and viscosity of the fusant.     

一种新型的融雪化冰系统

基于热力融雪化冰技术,研发设计一种新型融雪化冰系统。该系统由发热、隔热、导热以及控制模块四部分组成。利用发热电缆产生热量,用复合碳进行热量的均匀传导,并采用泡沫玻璃进行隔热。通过路表温度、融冰动力学和隔热性能实验分析,该系统融雪化冰效果较好,且在整个运行过程中系统热损耗较小。     

Pyrolysis and co-pyrolysis of lignite and plastic

The study firstly discusses the pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and then investigates the pyrolysis of lignite and co-pyrolysis with plastic (polyethylene or polypropylene) in tube furnace. Meanwhile, the research focuses on the co-pyrolysis products under different mixing ratios as well as pyrolysis products at different testing temperatures and heating rates. The results show that higher final testing temperature and lower heating rate contribute to bond fission in lignite pyrolysis, resulting in less char product. In co-pyrolysis, lignite acts as hydrogen donor, and the yields of char and water rise with increasing amount of plastic in the mixture, while the yields of gas and tar decrease; and a little admixture of plastic will promote the production of gas and tar. Kinetic studies indicate that in temperature range of 530–600 °C, activation energies of lignite are higher than those of lignite/plastic blends, and as plastic mass ratio increases from 0% to 10%, samples need less energy to be decomposed during co-pyrolysis.     

酚醛泡沫板脆性与粉化性能实验

目的研究胶粘剂对酚醛泡沫板脆性与粉化性的危害,提出通过界面剂处理来阻断胶粘剂对酚醛泡沫板损害的方法．方法采用断裂力和回弹率两种方法测试酚醛泡沫板的脆性,砂纸粉末法测试酚醛泡沫板的粉化度,通过红外光谱研究两种性能变化的原因．结果Ca（OH）2浸泡和胶粘剂粘结后出现紫红色物质均对泡沫板的脆性和粉化性能产生负面影响．经Ca（OH）2浸泡与原样相比断裂力减小,回弹率和粉化度增加,最大差值分别为8．12N、4．61％、3．24％．胶粘剂粘结后酚醛泡沫试样断裂力和回弹率均减小,粉化度增加,最大差值分别为20．58N、7．25％、4．49％．自然晾晒、粘结胶粘剂潮湿养护和Ca（OH）2浸泡的酚醛泡沫板粉化度相对于原样依次增大,最大粉化度分别为12．56％、11．02％、8．91％、8．27％．结论界面剂的使用,有效地阻断了胶粘剂和酚醛泡沫板的直接接触,因此能够降低泡沫板脆性破坏与粉化增加速度,可以应用于工程实践中．     

Liquid-solid mass transfer in a rotating packed bed reactor with structured foam packing

A rotating packed bed (RPB) reactor has substantially potential for the process intensification of heterogeneous catalytic reactions. However, the scarce knowledge of the liquid–solid mass transfer in the RPB reactor is a barrier for its design and scale-up. In this work, the liquid–solid mass transfer in a RPB reactor installed with structured foam packing was experimentally studied using copper dissolution by potassium dichromate. Effects of rotational speed, liquid and gas volumetric flow rate on the liquid–solid mass transfer coefficient (k_LS) have been investigated. The correlation for predicting k_LS was proposed, and the deviation between the experimental and predicted values was within ± 12%. The liquid–solid volumetric mass transfer coefficient (k_LSa_LS) ranged from 0.04–0.14 1⁻¹, which was approximately 5 times larger than that in the packed bed reactor. This work lays the foundation for modeling of the RPB reactor packed with structured foam packing for heterogeneous catalytic reaction.     

High-porosity TiAl foam by volume combustion synthesis

Preparation of high-porous TiAl foam by volume combustion synthesis (VCS) was investigated. It is shown that the optimum conditions for pore formation are attained when gas evolution coincides in time with melting of the reactants.