Critical transistors nexus based circuit-level aging assessment and prediction

Accurate age modeling, and fast, yet robust reliability sign-off emerged as mandatory constraints in Integrated Circuits (ICs) design for advanced process technology nodes. In this paper we introduce a novel method to assess and predict the circuit reliability at design time as well as at run-time. The main goal of our proposal is to allow for: (i) design time reliability optimization; (ii) fine tuning of the run-time reliability assessment infrastructure, and (iii) run-time aging assessment. To this end, we propose to select a minimum-size kernel of critical transistors and based on them to assess and predict an IC End-Of-Life (EOL) via two methods: (i) as the sum of the critical transistors end-of-life values, weighted by fixed topology-dependent coefficients, and (ii) by a Markovian framework applied to the critical transistors, which takes into account the joint effects of process, environmental, and temporal variations. The former model exploits the aging dependence on the circuit topology to enable fast run-time reliability assessment with minimum aging sensors requirements. By allowing the performance boundary to vary in time such that both remnant and nonremnant variations are encompassed, and imposing a Markovian evolution, the probabilistic model can be better fitted to various real conditions, thus enabling at design-time appropriate guardbands selection and effective aging mitigation/compensation techniques. The proposed framework has been validated for different stress conditions, under process variations and aging effects, for the ISCAS-85 c499 circuit, in PTM 45 nm technology. From the total of 1526 transistors, we obtained a kernel of 15 critical transistors, for which the set of topology dependent weights were derived. Our simulation results for 15 critical transistors kernel indicate a small approximation error (i.e., mean smaller than 15% and standard deviation smaller than 6%) for the considered circuit estimated end-of-life (EOL), when comparing to the end-of-life values obtained from Cadence simulation, which quantitatively confirm the accuracy of the IC lifetime evaluation. Moreover, as the number of critical transistors determines the area overhead, we also investigated the implications of reducing their number on the reliability assessment accuracy. When only 5 transistors are included into the critical set instead of 15, which results in a 66% area overhead reduction, the EOL estimation accuracy diminished with 18%. This indicates that area vs. accuracy trade-offs are possible, while maintaining the aging prediction accuracy within reasonable bounds.     

Creep and physical aging behaviour of PA6 nanocomposites

The creep and physical aging behavior of various types of PA6 nanocomposites and unfilled PA6 are described. After annealing far above T_g the samples were quenched to room temperature and tested after various ageing times. The creep compliance shows a significant reduction with the addition of exfoliated layered silicate to the matrix polymer. The shape of the creep curves of the nanocomposites is similar to unfilled PA6 and time—ageing time superposition is possible with all materials. The shift rate for superposition is in the same range, but slightly higher in nanocomposites. The creep behavior of nanocomposites conditioned with an equilibrium amount of moisture and dry samples at elevated temperatures shows that the effect of nanofillers is much stronger under these conditions.     

陈化过程中不同部位烤烟烟叶香味成分变化的研究

采用SDE-GC/MS法对陈化过程中不同部位烤烟烟叶的香味成分进行分析检测,并按照香味物质的产生来源对分析结果进行了分类研究。结果表明,陈化过程中不同部位烟叶的香味物质的变化情况差别明显。从香味成分的变化情况看,各个部位适宜的陈化时间有所不同:上部烟叶2年以上,中部烟叶1.5~2年,下部烟叶1年左右。     

稀土基汽车尾气催化剂的研究Ⅰ:催化剂老化和SO_2添加对催化活性的影响

制备了低Pt、Rh担载量的稀土基催化剂体系 ,研究了贵金属担载量、催化剂高温老化、抗硫水热老化和SO2 对催化活性的影响。结果表明 :随着贵金属质量分数从 0 2 5 %降低到0 1% ,CO、碳氢化合物 (HC)和NO的起燃温度分别平均提高 2 0℃ ;随着m(Pt)∶m(Rh)从 5∶1提高到 9∶1,CO、HC和NO的起燃温度分别提高 17、2 0和 5 3℃ ;当在反应体系中添加SO2 ,随SO2 体积分数从 0 0 0 2 %增加到 0 0 1% ,CO和NO的起燃温度和完全转化温度分别平均提高2 0℃ ,而对于HC ,催化活性几乎保持不变 ;催化剂在水热含硫条件下连续老化 4 0 0h ,CO、NO和HC的起燃温度分别为 2 5 2、2 6 7和 30 3℃ ,仍具有良好的反应活性。表明该稀土基催化剂在一定条件下 ,能满足汽车实际工况的要求     

PVG输送带覆盖胶性能的研究

用粉末丁腈P83来改性PVC研制PVG输送带覆盖胶,研究了P83对覆盖胶的拉伸强度、撕裂强度、表面电阻、热空气加速老化性能和阻燃性能的影响。实验结果表明,P83与PVC共混的性能较好,可达到性能互补的效果。综合考察,P83用量在30份时,PVG输送带覆盖胶的综合性能较佳。     

Comparative study of the physical aging of the epoxy systems BADGE n = 0/m‐XDA and BADGE n = 0/m‐XDA/PEI

The physical aging of the epoxy network consisting of a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A, m‐xylylenediamine, and polyetherimide was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The glass transition temperature and the variation of the specific heat capacities have been calculated using the method, based on the intersection of both enthalpy–temperature lines for glassy and liquid states. The apparent activation energy (E_H) was calculated using a single method that involved separate temperature and excess enthalpy dependency. All calorimetric data were compared with those obtained for the epoxy network without thermoplastic. thermoplastic. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3931–3935, 2006     

S2/TDE85复合材料耐自然库存与加速湿热老化的性能研究

本文对高强2号玻璃纤维（S2）增强环氧（TDE85－MCD体系）基复合材料单向板经自然库存与加速湿热老化后力学性能的变化进行了研究。研究结果表明，温度和湿度的作用会使单向板的拉伸、弯曲、剪切性能有所降低；温度越高、湿度越大，力学性能变化越大；可用加速湿热试验值来表征自然库存条件下的试验值。     

Recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) and its short glass fibres composites: effects of hygrothermal aging on the thermo-mechanical behaviour

This paper reports on the effects of hygrothermal aging at 70 °C in water and at 80% relative humidity, on the thermo-mechanical properties, molar mass and microstructure of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (rPET) and its short glass fibres composites.For all the investigated materials, the elastic mechanical properties (tensile and storage moduli) determined at low strain levels resulted practically unaffected by hygrothermal aging under the selected conditions. On the other hand, a marked reduction of the tensile strength and apparent fracture toughness has been observed for rPET matrix and its composites during hygrothermal aging, more markedly for materials immersed in water than for those aged at 80% RH. Both properties resulted to be related on the molar mass of the rPET matrix, that decreased during hygrothermal aging as a consequence of the hydrolysis process.The materials glass transition, evaluated as the temperature of the loss factor peak, increased during hygrothermal aging due to the progressively restricted mobility of the amorphous phase caused by a concurrent crystallinity increase. This crystallization process (chemicrystallization) is favoured by temperature, by the plasticizing effect of water and by the reduction of molar mass.Consistently with the mechanical measurements, the morphology of fracture surfaces exposed to hygrothermal aging in water revealed a reduction of plastic deformation of the rPET matrix and a weakening of the fibre-matrix interface for rPET composites.     

大理地区烤烟陈化过程中有机酸含量变化研究

使用衍生化-气质联用方法研究了大理地区烤烟连续陈化4年其有机酸变化。结果表明,烤烟在陈化过程中,①非挥发酸在6到18个月内含量明显降低,18到30个月内变化减缓,30到48个月内下降又加快,非挥发酸总量与苹果酸含量线性相关;②半挥发酸随陈化时间延长呈缓慢下降趋势;③挥发酸总量在6到24个月的陈化时间内明显增加,24到36个月内保持不变并略有下降,36到48个月内基本呈下降趋势,挥发酸总量与异戊酸含量线性相关。     

Fischer–Tropsch synthesis: Deactivation of promoted and unpromoted cobalt–alumina catalysts

The loss in activity of Pt-promoted and unpromoted 25 wt% Co–Al₂O₃ catalysts has been compared under identical conditions except for adjustment of the space velocity to give the same initial CO-conversion. Both catalysts underwent a 200 h period of rapid, initial decline in CO conversion and then a slower, linear decline during the next 1000 h. Pt-promotion did not alter the cobalt dispersion (or average particle size) from that of the unpromoted catalyst but did increase the amount of cobalt that was reduced. When compared not by time-on-stream, but by the moles of Co converted per unit weight of catalyst, both the Pt-promoted and unpromoted catalysts decline in activity at the same rate.