短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮技术的探讨

短程硝化反硝化技术是将硝化反应控制在亚硝酸盐阶段,不进行亚硝酸盐至硝酸盐的转化,直接进行反硝化反应。文章阐述了短程硝化反硝化的形成机理,理论研究进展,系统介绍了短程硝化反硝化影响因素与控制分析,并探讨了短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮技术需深入研究的要点     

Desorption kinetics of trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene from aged dense nonaqueous phase liquid-contaminated soil

Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the desorption kinetics of a contaminated soil collected from a field site at Hill Air Force Base (AFB), Utah. The site has been contaminated with many dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs), primarily trichloroethylene (TCE) and perchloroethylene (PCE), for more than 60 years. Similar desorptive behaviour of both TCE and PCE was observed: a stage of fast release of the contaminant at the start followed by a very slow stage. Moreover, it is suggested that not all the contaminant in the solid phase may be released to the aqueous phase, apparently due to the age factor. Local variations were observed in the effective diffusivity and other sorption-related parameters across the site due to aquifer heterogeneity. Experimental results were then simulated using a numerical code based on the intraparticle diffusion model. Good agreement was found between both results.     

照明的明天：什么是热点

从社会、产品和应用的角度,举例说明未来数年照明的＂热点＂。从社会的角度,说明可持续发展以及相关节能产品和应用设计的持续重要性。要更加关注完全无废料的设计,即＂从摇篮到摇篮＂（from cradle to cradle）的设计。从产品的角度,说明固态将成为许多产品应用的标准。在固态照明方面,由于所提供的数据常常有误而令新用户不满,因此向固态照明转变的脚步会放缓。若有效控制固态照明中的眩光,须有新型的光学设计。目前的评价体系,是通过经验方法获得,完全不适用于固态照明环境,因此需要全新的眩光评价体系。普通室内照明的显色性和色表规格,过去以白炽灯为基准,现在须设定严格的新标准。在应用方面,若要达到非视觉生物效应,智能动态照明也要成为一种标准。我们将看到,为减少因生物钟失调而出现的问题,会广泛应用光学治疗。在固定路灯方面,随着汽车系统本身的发展,不会再优先考虑物体的能见度。我们需要的不再是路灯亮度概念,而是更加三维的概念。若综合考虑中间视觉的所有效果,路灯光源的最有效光谱应该偏暖白光。老年人会丧失短波长视觉能力,是其中的主要原因。     

Structural Orientation and Anisotropy in Biological Materials: Functional Designs and Mechanics

Biological materials exhibit anisotropic characteristics because of the anisometric nature of their constituents and their preferred alignment within interfacial matrices. The regulation of structural orientations is the basis for material designs in nature and may offer inspiration for man‐made materials. Here, how structural orientation and anisotropy are designed into biological materials to achieve diverse functionalities is revisited. The orientation dependencies of differing mechanical properties are introduced based on a 2D composite model with wood and bone as examples; as such, anisotropic architectures and their roles in property optimization in biological systems are elucidated. Biological structural orientations are designed to achieve extrinsic toughening via complicated cracking paths, robust and releasable adhesion from anisotropic contact, programmable dynamic response by controlled expansion, enhanced contact damage resistance from varying orientations, and simultaneous optimization of multiple properties by adaptive structural reorientation. The underlying mechanics and material‐design principles that could be reproduced in man‐made systems are highlighted. Finally, the potential and challenges in developing a better understanding to implement such natural designs of structural orientation and anisotropy are discussed in light of current advances. The translation of these biological design principles can promote the creation of new synthetic materials with unprecedented properties and functionalities.     

用于毫米波辐射非致命生物效应的94 GHz回旋管设计与实验

设计和测试了内嵌准光系统的94 GH z回旋管,该系统主要用于研究毫米波辐射的非致命生物效应。为了减少大功率高频下的回旋管壁面加热问题,选择TE+6,2模式作为工作模式。对于高阶模式,存在更多相邻模式,因此模式竞争会影响实验的稳定性和有效的可操作性。渐变腔已被设计为抑制单个腔中的模式竞争。另外,具有低衍射准光模式变换器的功率转换效率为98.54%。实验结果表明,回旋管输出功率为50.9 kW,效率为34.3%。对于非致死的生物效应研究,整体设计方案达到了预期的效果。     

超快激光与生物含水组织相互作用

研究了超快脉冲激光与生物组织相互作用的机理 ,建立了生物软组织中激光诱导光学击穿模型 ;结果表明 ,对于纳秒或亚纳秒脉冲激光 ,强吸收介质的热电子发射对电子雪崩电离过程有很大影响 ,等离子体光学击穿阈值随生物组织吸收的增加而降低 ;在激光脉宽为亚皮秒量级时 ,多光子电离成为光学击穿的主要机制 ,介质的击穿阈值几乎与线性吸收系数无关。在达到光学击穿阈值时 ,激光能量沉积在厚度约 1μm的薄层之内 ;随着激光能量显著超过击穿阈值 ,有效的激光透过深度减小。     

管腐蚀法制作纳米光纤探针

根据优质探针的理论模型,利用管腐蚀法制作了可用于光纤生物传感器的纳米光纤探针,该制作方法操作方便,成本低廉,易于批量生产,且受环境的影响较小,制作的光纤探针具有较高的重复率。所获探针锥径小于50nm,锥角为45°。最后讨论了在管腐蚀实验中不良因素对光纤探针形貌的影响。     

生物薄试样电镜X射线显微定量分析法进展

本文重点介绍应用Hall理论进行生物薄试样电镜X射线定量分析的原理和近年来运用此理论进行分析所采用的有关扣除背底、峰剥离、外源性背底校正以及标样等技术。文中还描述了“薄试样”的条件,介绍了近年运用Link公司开发的分析软件测定各元素的标样参数(FST)、根据标样参数对生物薄试样进行元素分析的方法。     

微生物修复含能材料污染场地的研究进展

微生物修复技术是通过高耐受且人工驯化微生物的代谢作用将污染场地中的有害污染物降解的修复技术。提高微生物降解效率、探究代谢途径与中间代谢产物是含能材料污染场地的微生物修复的关键,为此,研究简述了含能材料的污染现状,介绍了修复含能材料污染场地的常见方法,探讨了微生物修复含能材料污染场地的优势,总结了微生物修复含能材料污染场地的常见菌株、外部营养源和实际应用,同时梳理了各含能材料在微生物降解过程中产生的中间代谢产物,归纳了典型含能材料降解过程中的代谢途径,最后展望了微生物在修复含能材料污染场地的发展方向：研究具有优良生物刺激效果的生物制剂,分析降解含能材料微生物菌株的宏基因组学、宏转录组学、宏蛋白质组学和宏代谢组学,加强DNA、RNA、蛋白质和代谢物等方面的研究,通过转基因技术来提升微生物对含能材料的降解效果,以更好地激发微生物修复含能材料污染场地的潜力。     

Tough and Self‐Recoverable Thin Hydrogel Membranes for Biological Applications

Tough and self‐recoverable hydrogel membranes with micrometer‐scale thickness are promising for biomedical applications, which, however, rarely be realized due to the intrinsic brittleness of hydrogels. In this work, for the first time, by combing noncovalent DN strategy and spin‐coating method, we successfully fabricated thin (thickness: 5–100 µm), yet tough (work of extension at fracture: 10⁵–10⁷ J m^?3) and 100% self‐recoverable hydrogel membranes with high water content (62–97 wt%) in large size (≈100 cm²). Amphiphilic triblock copolymers, which form physical gels by self‐assembly, were used for the first network. Linear polymers that physically associate with the hydrophilic midblocks of the first network, were chosen for the second network. The inter‐network associations serve as reversible sacrificial bonds that impart toughness and self‐recovery properties on the hydrogel membranes. The excellent mechanical properties of these obtained tough and thin gel membranes are comparable, or even superior to many biological membranes. The in vitro and in vivo tests show that these hydrogel membranes are biocompatible, and postoperative nonadhesive to neighboring organs. The excellent mechanical and biocompatible properties make these thin hydrogel membranes potentially suitable for use as biological or postoperative antiadhesive membranes.