添加脱水污泥的陶粒滤料的研制

以硅酸盐矿物为基础原料,添加城市污水厂脱水污泥和粉煤灰,通过正交试验得到工艺参数：脱水污泥a与脱水污泥b质量之比为17：8,脱水干污泥添加量20％（与硅酸盐总量比）,粉煤灰添加量20％（与硅酸盐总量比）,烧成温度900℃,保温时间9min。测得滤料的主要性能：堆积密度687kg/m^3,表观密度1440kg／m^3,比表面积3．43m^2/g,空隙率52．3％,1h吸水率12．8％,磨损破碎率〈4％。同时探讨了陶粒滤料的烧制机理以及水处理效果,结果表明该陶粒滤料具有良好的净化水质的效果。     

用HPLC法测定国内反应香精中的4,8-DiMeIQx和PhIP

建立同时测定反应香精中2-胺基-3,4,8-三甲基-3H-咪唑并[4,5-F]喹喔啉(4,8-DiMeIQx)和2-胺基-1-甲基-6-苯基咪唑[4,5-b]嘧啶(PhIP)的高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析方法。用强酸水解反应香精,在碱性环境下用二氯甲烷萃取分析物,弱酸净化。以乙腈和pH3.44的醋酸-醋酸胺缓冲溶液梯度洗脱,264 nm(测定4,8-DiMeIQx)和312 nm(测定PhIP)双波长扫描,进行高效液相色谱检测。4,8-DiMeIQx和PhIP在反应香精中的检出限均为0.01 mg/L;加标回收率分别为87.25%和102%。用该法对国内不同公司的不同产品进行检验适用性良好。     

N-羟基-邻苯二甲酰亚胺催化分子氧氧化合成4-氧代-β-紫罗兰酮

采用N-羟基-邻苯二甲酰亚胺(NHPI)和乙酰丙酮亚钴(Co(AcAc)_2)作催化剂,分子氧氧化β-紫罗兰酮一步反应制备4-氧代-β-紫罗兰酮,收率达70%。以~1H-NMR、~(13)C-NMR、GC-MS、IR、元素分析仪对其进行表征。     

Bitter off‐taste in stored cold‐pressed linseed oil obtained from different varieties

Freshly pressed linseed oil shows a delicate nutty flavor. However, after only 1 day of storage, a bitter off‐taste develops. It is caused mainly by the formation of a cyclic octa‐peptide named cyclolinopeptide E (CLE) containing the oxidized amino acid methionine. A simple and fast determination by solid‐phase extraction and high‐performance liquid chromatography with UV detection has been developed in order to measure the formation of this cyclic peptide during storage in correlation with the increasing bitter off‐taste of the oil, which was determined by a sensory panel. The development of this bitter off‐taste was analyzed in several oils prepared from linseed of a single variety from seeds obtained during a growing test. Highest bitterness was perceived in oil from the variety Eurodor, corresponding to CLE contents of 925 mg/kg, and lowest bitterness was perceived in oil from the variety Baladin, corresponding to a CLE content of 485 mg/kg. In some varieties, additional bitter compounds might be present in significant amounts.     

Characterization of yam bean (Pachyrhizus spp.) Seeds as potential sources of high palmitic acid oil

Seeds from 22 accessions of the yam bean species Pachyrhizus ahipa (14 accessions), P. erosus (5), and P. tuberosus (3) were investigated for oil and protein contents, fatty acid composition of the seed oil, and the total tocopherol content and composition. Plants from the accessions were grown under greenhouse conditions during one (P. erosus and P. tuberosus) or two years (P. ahipa). The pattern of the investigated seed quality traits was very similar in the three species. Yam bean seeds were characterized by high oil (from about 20 to 28% in one environment) and protein contents (from about 23 to 34%). Seed oil contained high concentrations of palmitic (from about 25 to 30% of the total fatty acids), oleic (21 to 29%), and linoleic acids (35 to 40%). Levels of linolenic acid were very low, from about 1.0 to 2.5%. Total tocopherol content was relatively low in P. erosus (from 249 to 585 mg kg⁻¹ oil) and P. tuberosus (from 260 to 312 mg kg⁻¹ oil) compared with the levels found in P. ahipa grown under identical conditions (508 to 858 mg kg⁻¹ oil). In all the samples, γ-tocopherol was predominant, accounting for more than 90% of the total tocopherol content. The combination of high oil and protein contents, together with high palmitic acid, low linolenic acid, and high γ-tocopherol concentration, makes these crops an interesting alternative as sources of high palmitic acid oil for the food industry.     

Ecological Example of Conditioned Flavor Aversion in Plant–Herbivore Interactions: Effect of Terpenes of Eucalyptus Leaves on Feeding by Common Ringtail and Brushtail Possums

We investigated the hypothesis that feeding deterrence of common ringtail possums (Pseudocheirus peregrinus) and common brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) by Eucalyptus terpenes (in this case 1,8-cineole) is a result of a conditioned flavor aversion (CFA), due to the association of terpenes with postingestive effects of another group of Eucalyptus toxins, the diformylphloroglucinol compounds (DFPCs). Wild-caught common ringtail and common brushtail possums showed a dose-dependent reduction in food intake when 1,8-cineole was added to the diet. However, after continued exposure over 12 days to increasing amounts of cineole in the diet, both species substantially increased their intakes of cineole relative to control animals. This indicated that the aversion to cineole was a conditioned response rather than a physiological limitation in their ability to detoxify terpenes. Subsequent exposure to a diet including both cineole and jensenone (a simple DFPC also found in Eucalyptus and considered to cause postingestive emesis) in corresponding amounts was able to recondition the dose-dependent aversion. Consequently, animals that had been given jensenone showed an aversion to cineole-rich diets that matched the behavior of animals in the control group. This supported our hypothesis that the effect of terpenes on feeding of these marsupial folivores on Eucalyptus is due to a CFA. Possums can cope with levels of terpenes in the diet that far exceed those occurring naturally. The role of terpenes in marsupial folivore–Eucalyptus interactions appears to be to act as a cue to levels of toxic DFPCs in the leaves, rather than acting as toxins in their own right.     

Volatile Stimuli Related to Feeding Activity of Nonprey Caterpillars, Spodoptera exigua, Affect Olfactory Response of the Predatory Mite Phytoseiulus persimilis

The effect of volatiles related to feeding activity of nonprey caterpillars, Spodoptera exigua, on the olfactory response of the predatory mites Phytoseiulus persimilis was examined in a Y-tube olfactometer. At a low caterpillar density (20 caterpillars on 10 Lima bean leaves), the predators were significantly more attracted to volatiles from infested leaves on which the caterpillars and their products were present or from infested leaves from which the caterpillars and their products had been removed when compared to volatiles from uninfested leaves. The predators, however, significantly avoided odors from 20 caterpillars and their products (mainly feces) removed from bean leaves. In contrast, at a higher caterpillar density (100 caterpillars on 10 Lima bean leaves), the predators avoided volatiles from caterpillar-infested bean leaves. Volatiles from infested leaves from which the caterpillars and their products had been removed were not preferred over volatiles from uninfested leaves. Volatiles from feces collected from 100 caterpillars were strongly avoided by the predators, while the behavior of the predatory mites was not affected by volatiles from 100 caterpillars removed from a plant. The data show that carnivorous arthropods may avoid nonprofitable herbivores. This avoidance seems to result from an interference of volatiles from herbivore products with the attraction to herbivore-induced plant volatiles.     

烟草中糖苷类香味前体物质研究进展

综述了糖苷类化合物的分离分析方法和烟草中糖苷类香味前体物质的应用研究进展。     

国内外低焦油烤烟型卷烟中性香味成分的分析比较

将国内外5种（国外1种,国内4种）低焦油烤烟型卷烟烟丝经同时蒸馏萃取、GC、GC／MS分析测试,对低焦油烤烟型卷烟烟丝29种中性香味成分进行了分析研究。国内外卷烟烟丝的常规化学成分也进行了测试比较。结果发现,国产烤烟型卷烟挥发性、半挥发性中性成分总量、酮类成分总量、醇类成分总量比国外烤烟型卷烟低,醛类成分总量、酯类成分总量比国外高。4种国产烤烟型卷烟烟丝重要中性香味成分中均比国外烤烟型卷烟低10％以上的有：苯乙醛、糠醇、苯甲醇、六氢金合欢基丙酮和2-甲氧基4-乙烯基苯酚;均高于10％的有：糠醛、亚麻酸甲酯等。     

Devolatilization of wood and wastes in fluidized bed

Experiments were carried out in a laboratory fluidized bed (FB) to characterize the devolatilization behavior of wood and various wastes at temperatures applicable to FB gasification and combustion, i.e. 750-900 °C. The fuels tested were pellets made of wood, meat and bone meal, and compost (from municipal solid wastes), as well as dried granulates of sewage sludge (DSS). Determination of yields of char, condensate and light gas, as well as the composition of the gas and the time of devolatilization during the pyrolysis of single fuel batches was made. A simple model was developed to analyze the mode of conversion of a single wood pellet and DSS granulate, giving insight on the controlling mechanisms during devolatilization. The devolatilization kinetics of DSS was determined by tests using fine granulates. The model was successfully applied to simulate the conversion of large DSS granulates and wood pellets under the whole range of temperatures analyzed.