Water soluble inner aqueous phase markers as indicators of the encapsulation properties of water-in-oil-in-water emulsions stabilized with sodium caseinate

The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of Methylene Blue (MB) and Vitamin B₁₂ (Vit-B₁₂) as water soluble inner aqueous phase (W₁) markers for measuring the encapsulation efficiency and stability of water-in-oil-in-water (W₁/O/W₂) double emulsions stabilized by sodium caseinate (NaCN). The encapsulation efficiency and stability were determined by centrifugation of the double emulsion to separate the cream phase (W₁/O) and the outer aqueous phase (W₂) and measuring the concentration of marker in W₂ by absorbance spectrophotometry. To validate this method the marker concentration measurable and the stability of the marker in W₂ were measured. Both markers could be accurately measured in W₂ and there was no change in the concentration of marker on storage of a W₂ solution for 7 days at 45 °C. The recovery yields of MB and Vit-B₁₂ in the recovered W₂ of an oil-in-water (O/W₂) emulsion, determined using the procedure normally used for measuring encapsulation efficiency and stability, were 78% and 99%, respectively, and 52 and 100%, respectively. Double emulsions had encapsulation efficiency of 61.9 ± 21.4% and 16.6 ± 1.1% and encapsulation stability of 62.0 ± 22.6% and 10.7 ± 0.7% for MB and Vit-B₁₂, respectively. Recovery yield and encapsulation efficiency/stability data for MB indicate that it is not a suitable marker for measuring the encapsulation properties of NaCN stabilized double emulsions while similar data for Vit-B₁₂ indicate that it is a suitable marker for studying the encapsulation properties of double emulsions stabilized with NaCN. Methods used in other studies to measure encapsulation properties of double emulsions are discussed in light of the results obtained in this study.     

微波辐射常压乙酸抽提稻草木质素的研究

采用微波辐射技术研究从稻草中提取乙酸木质素的工艺.考察了稻草/乙酸固液比例、微波辐射功率、辐射时间、催化剂用量等对木质素提取效果的影响.结果表明,最佳提取工艺条件为：固液比为1∶10,微波辐射功率为500W,辐射时间为40min, 催化剂用量为0.32%时,木质素提取液的吸光度达到1.878,并且验证性试验的结果很稳定,乙酸木质素的粗提取率为72.18%.     

响应面试验优化胡萝卜浆复合酶解工艺

为优化胡萝卜制汁工艺,以出汁率为指标,通过单因素试验研究纤维素酶-果胶酶配比、酶解时间、酶解温度对胡萝卜出汁率的影响,再通过Box-Behnken试验法与响应面分析法,研究各自变量及其交互作用对胡萝卜出汁率的影响,建立了二次多项式回归预测模型。结果表明：复合酶酶解胡萝卜浆的最佳条件为纤维素酶-果胶酶配比2.2∶10（g/g）、复合酶添加量0.3%、酶解时间1.94 h、酶解温度41.67 ℃。在此酶解条件下,胡萝卜出汁率为（79.36±0.23）%,与响应面预测值79.06%拟合性较好,对实际生产有一定指导意义。     

水剂法提取澳洲坚果油及其理化特性的研究

研究水剂法提取澳洲坚果油的工艺,采用单因素试验分别研究了料水比、浆液pH值、浸提温度、提取时间和离心转速对提油率的影响。在此基础上,采用正交试验确定最佳提取工艺为料水比1:3g/mL、自然pH 6.4、提取时间1 h,离心转速4 800 r/min,在此条件下提油率可达67.50%。采用水剂法得到的澳洲坚果油色泽浅黄透明,具有澳洲坚果香味。澳洲坚果油理化特性结果表明,pH条件对水剂法提取油品质有一定影响,水剂法提取油酸值和过氧化值均符合国家食用油质量标准。     

小麦/玉米垄沟套作条件下施肥部位对土壤水氮分布的影响--测试文章

通过旱棚小车模拟小麦/玉米垄沟套作种植试验,研究了3种不同垄沟部位（垄顶、垄底和沟中）施肥对小麦/玉米生长和产量及土壤水氮分布的影响。结果表明：相同灌水条件下,施肥部位对垄沟套作水分分布影响不显著,但土壤硝态氮的分布差异较大; 垄顶施肥和垄底施肥处理下,由于水肥异区,其垄上小麦生长带的硝态氮主要分布在0～30 cm土层,有效地减少了硝态氮向土壤深层淋溶,而后期沟内玉米生长带的水氮处理相同,因此其硝态氮分布差异较小; 在相同灌水条件下,垄沟套作可以有效降低水分流失,减少氮肥损失,因此较传统平作更有利于作物生长,提高小麦、玉米的产量,且以垄顶施肥和垄底施肥效果最显著,小麦产量较平作分别增加11.47%、10.81%,玉米产量较平作分别增加18.87%、22.70%。     

秸秆还田后覆膜镇压对旱地冬小麦土壤温度和产量的影响--测试文章

在黄土高原雨养条件下,研究了玉米秸秆还田+全膜覆土穴播+播前镇压（T1）,玉米秸秆还田+不覆膜+播前镇压（T2）,玉米秸秆还田+不覆膜+播前不镇压（T3）,小麦秸秆还田+全膜覆土+播前镇压（T4）,小麦秸秆还田+不覆膜+播前镇压（T5）,小麦秸秆还田+不覆膜+播前不镇压（T6）,露地穴播（CK）对冬小麦土壤温度和产量的影响。结果表明： 各处理全生育期0～25 cm土层均温依次为T4(15.26℃)＞T1(14.94℃)＞T5(14.80℃)＞CK(14.66℃)＞T3(14.64℃)＞T2(14.57℃)＞T6(14.47℃); 还田方式间比较,秸秆还田+全膜覆土穴播+播前镇压、秸秆还田+不覆膜+播前镇压处理在整个生育期表现为增温效应,秸秆还田+不覆膜+播前不镇压表现为降温效应; 小麦秸秆还田增温效果大于玉米秸秆还田; 各还田处理均表现为增产效应,平均较CK增产69.36%、27.94%、19.38%、45.12%、13.30%、9.79％。     

Effects of breed,farm intensiveness,and cow productivity level on cheese-making ability predicted using infrared spectral data at the population level

Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra collected during milk recording schemes at population level can be used for predicting novel traits of interest for farm management, cows' genetic improvement, and milk payment systems. The aims of this study were as follows. (1) To predict cheese yield traits using FTIR spectra from routine milk recordings exploiting previously developed calibration equations. (2) To compare the predicted cheese-making abilities of different dairy and dual-purpose breeds. (3) To analyze the effects of herds' level of intensiveness (HL) and of the cow's level of productivity (CL). (4) To compare the patterns of predicted cheese yields with the patterns of milk composition in different breeds to discern the drivers of cheese-making efficiency. The major sources of variation of FTIR predictions of cheese yield ability (fresh cheese or cheese solids produced per unit milk) of individual milk samples were studied on 115,819 cows of 4 breeds (2 specialized dairy breeds, Holstein and Brown Swiss, and 2 dual-purpose breeds, Simmental and Alpine Grey) from 6,430 herds and exploiting 1,759,706 FTIR test-day spectra collected over 7 yr of milk sampling. Calibration equations used were previously developed on 1,264 individual laboratory model cheese procedures (cross-validation R² 0.85 and 0.95 for fresh and solids cheese yields, respectively). The linear model used for statistical analysis included the effects of parity, lactation stage, year of calving, month of sampling, HL, CL, breed of cow, and the interactions breed × HL and breed × CL. The HL and CL stratifications (5 classes each) were based on average daily secretion of milk net energy per cow. All effects were highly significant. The major conclusions were as follows. (1) The FTIR-based prediction of cheese yield of milk goes beyond the knowledge of fat and protein content, partially explaining differences in cheese-making ability in different cows, breeds and herds. (2) Differences in cheese yields of different breeds are only partially explained by milk fat and protein composition, and less productive breeds are characterized by a higher milk nutrient content as well as a higher recovery of nutrients in the cheese. (3) High-intensive herds not only produce much more milk, but the milk has a higher nutrient content and a higher cheese yield, whereas within herds, compared with less productive cows, the more productive cows have a much greater milk yield, milk with a greater content of fat but not of protein, and a moderate improvement in cheese yield, differing little from expectations based on milk composition. Finally, (4) the effects of HL and CL on milk quality and cheese-making ability are similar but not identical in different breeds, the less productive ones having some advantage in terms of cheese-making ability. We can obtain FTIR-based prediction of cheese yield from individual milk samples retrospectively at population level, which seems to go beyond the simple knowledge of milk composition, incorporating information on nutrient retention ability in cheese, with possible advantages for management of farms, genetic improvement of dairy cows, and milk payment systems.     

超声辅助碱法提取对类PSE鸡肉蛋白提取率和功能特性的影响

为提高碱溶酸沉方法提取类PSE（pale, soft and exudative）鸡肉蛋白的提取率,采用超声辅助碱法（超声时间0、5、10、15 min）提取并研究其对类PSE鸡肉蛋白功能特性的影响。结果表明：与对照组相比,超声辅助提取类PSE蛋白的提取率由45.55%显著提高至68.58%（P＜0.05）,蛋白含量显著提高25.32%（P＜0.05）;当超声辅助提取时间为10 min时,类PSE鸡肉蛋白具有较小的浊度、黏度和粒径;扫描电子显微镜结果进一步证实,超声辅助碱法提取的类PSE鸡肉蛋白结构变得更加疏松,碎片尺寸较小;超声处理后,类PSE鸡肉蛋白凝胶的蒸煮损失率显著降低61.77%（P＜0.05）,表明蛋白凝胶的保水性增加,但其凝胶强度显著降低（P＜0.05）;此外,超声辅助提取得到的类PSE鸡肉蛋白溶解度、乳化活性指数和乳化稳定性指数分别提高38.56%、8.02%和12.94%。综上,超声辅助提取不仅可以提高碱溶酸沉法提取类PSE鸡肉蛋白含量,且可以改善类PSE鸡肉蛋白的功能特性。     

甜菜叶片表型与其产质量的关系

甜菜生产用种主要依靠进口,来源不同的品种表型各异,甜菜高产高糖的表型特征,是育种和栽培管理最直观和简捷的指标.本研究利用丰产和高糖两种类型的2对甜菜品种为材料,通过连续两年对不同类型甜菜营养生长期叶片的形态指标进行比较,分析各指标与甜菜产量和含糖的关系.研究结果表明,丰产型甜菜品种在整个生育期的叶片长度和生育前期叶面积...     

2016~2018年广西甘蔗品种区试崇左点综合评价

2016~2018年在崇左市龙州县开展12个甘蔗品系1年新植2年宿根的广西区域试验,结果表明:在崇左区试点所有的12个参试品系的产量和产糖量均比对照增产。桂糖08-1589表现植株高度中等,分蘖力强,中茎,有效茎多,易脱叶,宿根性好,抗病性好,抗倒伏,年平均蔗茎产量和产糖量分别为79978.52和12421.55 kg/hm²,平均蔗糖分为15.45%,比对照高了1.07个百分点,为早熟高产高糖品种,是本轮区试工农艺性状综合表现最好的品系,推荐在本区域进行推广。