AgBiVMo oxide catalytic membrane for selective oxidation of propane to acrolein

A metal ions (Ag, Bi, V, Mo) modified sol–gel method was used to prepare a mesoporous Ag_0.01Bi_0.85V_0.54Mo_0.45O₄ catalytic membrane which was used in the selective oxidation of propane to acrolein. By optimizing the preparation parameters, a thin and perfect catalytically active membrane was successfully prepared. SEM results showed that the membrane thickness is 5 μm. XRD results revealed that Ag_0.01Bi_0.85V_0.54Mo_0.45O₄ with a Scheelite structure, which is catalytically active for the selective oxidation of propane to acrolein, was formed in the catalytic membrane only when AgBiVMoO concentrations were higher than 40%. Catalytic reaction results demonstrated that the selective oxidation of propane could be controlled to a certain degree, such as to acrolein, in the catalytic membrane reactor (CMR) compared to the fixed bed reactor (FBR). For example, a selectivity of 54.85% for acrolein in the liquid phase was obtained in the CMR, while only 8.31% was achieved in the FBR.     

Differential geometry properties of lines of curvature of parametric surfaces and their visualization

We present algorithms for computing the differential geometry properties of lines of curvature of parametric surfaces. We derive a unit tangent vector, curvature vector, binormal vector, torsion, and algorithms to evaluate their higher-order derivatives of lines of curvature of parametric surfaces. Among these quantities, it is shown that the curvature and its first derivative of the lines of curvature lend a hand for the formation of curved plates in shipbuilding. We also visualize the twist of lines of curvature, which enables us to observe how much the osculating plane of the line of curvature turns about the tangent vector.     

Deactivation of metal catalysts in liquid phase organic reactions

The paper gives a general survey of the factors contributing to the deactivation of metal catalysts employed in liquid phase reactions for the synthesis of fine or intermediate chemicals. The main causes of catalyst deactivation are particle sintering, metal and support leaching, deposition of inactive metal layers or polymeric species, and poisoning by strongly adsorbed species. Weakly adsorbed species, poisons at low surface coverage and solvents, may act as selectivity promoters or modifiers. Three examples of long term stability studies carried out in trickle-bed reactor (glucose to sorbitol hydrogenation on Ru/C catalysts, hydroxypropanal to 1,3-propanediol hydrogenation on Ru/TiO₂ catalysts, and wet air oxidation of paper pulp effluents on Ru/TiO₂) are discussed.     

Chemical Reaction Engineering and Research and development of gas solid systems

A general procedure is proposed for innovative research and development of gas-solid reactor systems, with a brief explanation of the significance of each step in the procedureBased upon the contacting mode between gas and solid phases, as well as the ways of supplying thermal energy to the reacting regions, various types of gas-solid reactor systems are classified by using tables of so called “matrix” form, for thermal cracking and gasification of heavy oils, gasification of coal, gasification of solid waste, calcination of limestone, clinkering of cement and reduction of iron ore.The importance of fundamental concepts is emphasized for successful research and development by presenting several examples; namely, calcination of limestone, thermal cracking of heavy oils and gasification of solid waste materials.In connection with the direction in which fundamental research should be oriented, four primary ways of thinking are proposed, which can be applied to obtain innovative ideas for further research and development in this field.One example of the author's practical experience was selected to show the role of the fundamental research in the course of large scale development. Finally the author outlines the role of chemical reaction engineering to innovate the novel gas-solid reactor systems which may be inevitable for simultaneous solution of the three big E's; namely, Energy, Environment and Economy.     

水合肼生产中氧化反应的研究和应用

分析了尿素法生产水合肼的氧化反应历程及影响因素，改进了反应器，并找到了最佳的工艺控制条件：①控制n(尿素)：n(次氯酸钠)=(1．05～1．10)：1，各原料的消耗较低，总经济效益佳；②采用-5℃冷冻盐水移走尿素、次氯酸钠混合段内氯化反应放出的热量，控制物料混合终点温度在15～30℃；③采用列管式加热器，将氯化反应与水解反应在不同的设备中进行，水合肼的收率提高到83％～85％；④采用列管式加热器代替双夹套反应器，提高了加热强度，生产能力大，1套合成反应器可生产1万t／a80％的水合肼。     

Control policies for an industrial acetylene hydrogenation reactor

This paper addresses the problem of finding optimal operational policies for an acetylene reactor for day to day operation. A lumped parameter model based on four main reactions is developed and used to examine the effects of the reactor manipulated variables on key reaction parameters. An optimal and a sub-optimal operational policy which minimize the ethylene loss over time are formulated and the solution techniques are presented. The results indicate that the reactor model is in good agreement with industrial plant data. The performance of the optimal control policy is very similar to the performance of the sub-optimal control policy. However, the sub-optimal formulation, while retaining the dominant features of the optimal response, reduces the computational requirements. Finally, some issues concerning the real-time implementation of an advanced acetylene reactor control scheme are presented. These include the estimation of the optimum regeneration cycle, a recursive model update algorithm, the process optimizer and their overall coordination. A preliminary analysis of the benefits associated with the advanced control scheme suggests a considerable reduction in the yearly ethylene loss.     

集中供热系统适量供热调节技术

集中供热的采暖用户实行计量收费并且具有自调节能力以后,必须要有与用户调节相匹配的运行调节手段,才能实现系统的适量供热.结合集中供热常用的系统形式,分别分析用户、热网及热源在各种运行方式下的调节特性及节能潜力,得出室内系统变流量、循环水泵变转速运行时节能量最高,并给出循环水泵定转速运行及变转速运行下的控制系统方框图.最后指出,应该针对新型供热系统和旧有供热系统的特点,制定相应的整体综合调节策略,才能实现节能最佳.     

HP nonlinear guidance law design based on smooth sliding mode control

To eliminate the perturbation of interceptor detection induced by aerodynamic heating,the head pursuit (HP) guidance law for three-dimensional interception was presented. The guidance law positioned the interceptor ahead of the target on its flight trajectory,and the speed of interceptor was required to be lower than that of the target. On the basis of a novel head pursuit three-dimensional guidance model,a nonlinear guidance law was developed based on smooth sliding mode control theory. At the same time,a special observer was designed to estimate the target acceleration,and a numerical example on maneuvering ballistic target interception verified the effectiveness of the presented guidance law.