在聚变堆中嬗变~（237）Np的研究

研究了在聚变堆中嬗变长寿命的锕系元素￣（２３７）Ｎｐ，以及转换￣（２３７）Ｎｐ成为可裂变燃料￣（２３９）ｐｕ的物理可行性。探讨了在嬗变包层中￣（２３７）Ｎｐ的浓度、￣（２３９）ｐｕ的中于增殖率、中子壁负载的变化以及嬗变区厚度与￣（２３７）Ｎｐ嬗变率的关系。给出的研究计算结果表明，在１个聚变功率为２００ＭＷ，中子壁负载为１．０ＭＷ／ｍ２的聚变堆包层中，实现年嬗变￣（２３７）Ｎｐ约３．５ｔ，年平均产钚量约２０ｋｇ是可行的。     

Auslegung von Blasensäulen mithilfe von Compartmentmodellen

In bubble columns, the phenomena of mass and heat transfer as well as the reaction are closely linked to the complex fluid dynamics. Compartment modeling offers the opportunity to integrate these phenomena while enabling an axial and radial distribution with acceptable computing effort. This article includes methods for generating the compartment geometry and fluid dynamic parameters of this modeling approach, facilitating the opportunity to optimize an industrial bubble column.     

Modeling and simulation of non-isothermal catalytic packed bed membrane reactor for H2S decomposition

The recovery of H₂ from H₂S is an economical alternative to the Claus process in petroleum and minerals processing industries. Previous studies [React. Kinet. Catal. Lett. 62 (1997) 55; Catal. Lett. 37 (1996) 167] have demonstrated that catalytic decomposition of H₂S over bimetallic sulfide can proceed at relatively higher rates than over mono-metallic systems due to chemical synergism although conversions are still thermodynamically limited. In the present study, the performance of a catalytic membrane reactor containing a packed bed of Ru–Mo sulfide catalyst has been investigated with a view to improving H₂ yield beyond the equilibrium ceiling. A system of differential equations describing the non-isothermal reactor model has been solved to examine the effect of important hydrodynamic and transport properties on conversion. The results were obtained using a Pt-coated Nb membrane tube as the catalytic reactor enclosed in a quartz shell cylinder. Reynolds number for shell and tube side (Re^s and Re^t) as well as the modified wall Peclet number, Pe_m, dramatically affect H₂S conversions. Membrane reactor conversion rose monotonically with axial distance exceeding the equilibrium conversion by as much as eight times under some conditions.     

Concomitant use of liquid–liquid batch and continuous plug flow reactors for kinetic model discrimination. Application to the Rh/TPPTS catalysed reduction of the C–C double bond in dimethylitaconate

The biphasic catalytic reduction of the C–C double bond of dimethylitaconate with a water soluble rhodium/triphenylphosphinetrisulphonated sodium salt (TPPTS) complex is investigated. Kinetic studies in a well-mixed batch reactor provide kinetics parameters and an activation energy of 71 kJ mol⁻¹ but cannot discriminate between a first order or a complex kinetic model within the range of substrate concentration where the approximation of linear liquid/liquid partition is respected. Catalytic tests in the centrifugal partition chromatograph (CPC) reactor under steady-state operations in chemical regime and plug flow mode allow discriminating the kinetic models, the complex kinetic rate law being preferred.     

Dynamic spatial Bayesian models for radioactivity deposition

Dynamic spatial Bayesian (DSB) models are proposed for the analytical modelling of radioactivity deposition after a nuclear accident. The proposed models are extensions of the multi‐variate time‐series dynamic linear models of West and Harrison (1997) to Markov random field processes. They combine the outputs from a long‐range atmospheric dispersal model with measured data (and prior information) to provide improved deposition prediction in space and time. Two versions of a Gaussian DSB model were applied to the radioactivity deposition in Bavaria over a 15 days period during the Chernobyl nuclear accident. One version had fixed functional forms for its spatial variances and covariances while the other allowed those to adapt and ‘learn’ from data in the conjugate Bayesian paradigm. There were two main sources of information for radioactivity deposition in our application: radioactivity measurements at a sparse set of 13 monitoring stations, and the numerical deposition evaluation of the atmospheric dispersal K‐model for the points of a 64 × 64 regular grid. We have analysed the temporal predictions (one‐step‐ahead forecasting) of those DSB models to show that the dispersal K‐model tended in general to underestimate the deposition levels at all times while the DSB models corrected for that although with different degrees of adjustment.     

Autohydrogenotrophic denitrification of drinking water using a polyvinyl chloride hollow fiber membrane biofilm reactor

A hollow fiber membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR) using polyvinyl chloride (PVC) hollow fiber was evaluated in removing nitrate form contaminated drinking water. During a 279-day operation period, the denitrification rate increased gradually with the increase of influent nitrate loading. The denitrification rate reached a maximum value of 414.72 g N/m³ d (1.50 g N/m² d) at an influent NO₃⁻–N concentration of 10 mg/L and a hydraulic residence time of 37.5 min, and the influent nitrate was completely reduced. At the same time, the effluent quality analysis showed the headspace hydrogen content (3.0%) was lower enough to preclude having an explosive air. Under the condition of the influent nitrate surface loading of 1.04 g N/m²d, over 90% removal efficiencies of the total nitrogen and nitrate were achieved at the hydrogen pressure above 0.04 MPa. The results of denaturing gel gradient electrophoresis (DGGE), 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis, and hierarchical cluster analysis showed that the microbial community structures in MBfR were of low diversity, simple and stable at mature stages; and the beta-Proteobacteria, including Rhodocyclus, Hydrogenophaga, and beta-Proteobacteria HTCC379, probably play an important role in autohydrogenotrophic denitrification.     

福岛核事故后日本输华食品的安全考虑

日本福岛核事故发生后,从福岛县内及其邻近地区的抽样点上获得的某些食品已经受到放射性物质污染。本文讨论了事故后日本输华食品的安全考虑,介绍了相关标准并提出建议。     

搅拌反应器大涡模拟方法研究

大涡模拟方法是介于传统雷诺平均方法和直接数值模拟方法之间的一种数值计算方法,其基本思想是通过滤波把流场中所有变量分成大尺度和小尺度量,对大尺度量进行直接求解,小尺度量采用亚格子模型进行模化处理.综述了近年来大涡模拟方法在搅拌反应器领域的研究进展,主要包括大涡模拟的数值方法、亚格子模型、桨叶旋转运动的处理技术及其在湍流特性、宏观不稳定、混合时间及多相流等方面的具体运用.阐明了大涡模拟方法较传统雷诺平均方法的优势,指出大涡模拟今后研究的重点方向为搅拌反应器内复杂多相流体系.     

导波雷达液位计在方家山核电站的应用

液位测量是核电站自动控制系统中重要组成部分。导波雷达液位计基于电磁波的时域反射(TDR)原理,具有受环境影响小、测量精度高等诸多优点。方家山项目是导波雷达液位计第一次在二代改进型核电站核岛厂房进行应用。通过研究,报告了导波雷达液位计在方家山项目中的选型与应用,阐述了导波雷达液位计的工作原理、性能特点、使用注意问题以及在ASG系统液位测量方面的应用。