蒸汽发生器传热管束过冷沸腾区两相流动数值模拟

基于两流体欧拉数学模型结合RPI壁面沸腾模型,利用大型商用CFD软件ANSYS CFX 12.0对蒸汽发生器传热管束过冷沸腾区一次侧、壁面和二次侧耦合传热过程进行了数值模拟。研究了三叶梅花孔支撑板和不同入口过冷度条件下蒸汽发生器传热管束内的流动沸腾现象,得到一、二次侧流场与温度场,二次侧空泡份额分布,支撑板梅花孔局部的流动状况及不同入口过冷度对蒸汽发生器热工水力特性的影响。数值模拟结果表明,三叶梅花孔支撑板的存在及不同入口过冷度对蒸汽发生器传热管束过冷沸腾区域的热工水力特性影响显著。     

机械过冷CO2引射制冷系统性能研究

利用R134a机械过冷系统对CO2引射制冷系统（ERS）气体冷却器出口工质进行冷却,实验研究了在不同过冷度、排气压力及蒸发温度下机械过冷CO2引射制冷系统（MSERS）的性能,并与ERS系统性能进行了对比分析。结果表明,MSERS系统的COP随着过冷度及排气压力的变化存在最大值,最佳过冷度约为16℃,而最佳排气压力约为8.5Mpa;随着蒸发温度升高,MSERS系统的引射比及COP均增大,且引射比随蒸发温度增大的速度在低蒸发温度工况下比较小。MSERS与ERS系统性能的对比表明,在实验蒸发温度范围内MSERS系统的COP大于ERS系统,且在低蒸发温度工况下MSERS系统COP的改善幅度更大;在蒸发温度小于1℃的工况条件下MSERS系统的引射比比ERS系统的引射比提高了约2.5%～6.0%;在不同的一级节流阀前温度工况下,MSERS系统制冷量比ERS系统提高了约27.2%～35.5%,COP增大了约6.2%～17.6%。     

石蜡/水相变乳液的制备与性能

低温石蜡/水相变乳液作为一种潜热蓄冷流体,具有储能密度高、可泵送的特点,可取代水作为传热介质应用于集中供冷系统中,降低二次循环水泵的运行能耗。基于集中供冷系统的应用要求,选择不同的组分制备相变乳液,包括石蜡、表面活性剂以及晶核剂,并研究其组分含量对乳液分散相粒径分布、热力学性能与流变性能的影响,最终确定相变乳液的制备方法与性能参数。采用所述方法制备的相变乳液具有良好的稳定性,其储能容量为水的2～6倍,且过冷度不高于2 K。     

冷却水流程数对凝汽器热力性能的影响

电站凝汽器可以设计成冷却水双流程和单流程。利用自行开发的凝汽器工作特性数值模拟软件PPOC3．0模拟和分析了冷却水流程数对电站凝汽器的热力性能的影响,结果表明单流程凝汽器比双流程凝汽器有更高的热负荷和更小的汽侧阻力。     

辐射空调过冷度与结露延迟时间动态变化特性研究

针对辐射空调在运行时出现结露现象的问题,为提升辐射空调系统的供冷能力,延后防结露控制启动时间,采用试验研究的方法,对辐射板表面结露区域进行分析,并在板表面最易结露区域进行结露过程试验,确定结露发生时刻的状态点,在此基础上进一步探讨过冷度与结露延迟时间随影响因子变化的动态变化特性及二者关系.研究结果表明:结露区域的范围受...     

Freezing in sealed capillaries for preparation of frozen hydratedsections

We have investigated the freezing of specimens in a confined volume for preparation of vitreous samples for cryosectioning. With 15% dextran as a cryoprotectant, a sample sealed in a copper tube begins to freeze into crystalline ice when plunged into liquid ethane. Crystallization rapidly causes an increase in the pressure to the point that much of the sample freezes in a vitreous state. We used synchrotron X‐ray diffraction of samples frozen with various amounts of dextran to characterize the ice phases and crystal orientation, providing insights on the freezing process. We have characterized cryosections obtained from these samples to explore the optimum amount of cryoprotectant. Images of cryosectioned bacteria frozen with various levels of cryoprotectant illustrate effects of cryoprotectant concentration.     

基于热电原理的过冷器在家用空调中应用的实验研究

在蒸气压缩制冷系统中,增加系统的过冷度可以提高系统的制冷量及其性能系数。本文设计了一种基于热电制冷原理来增加系统过冷度的空调系统,并在最小制冷,额定制冷和最大制冷三种工况下,对运行过冷装置前后的空调系统的性能进行实验对比。结果表明:采用设计的过冷器后,冷凝器出口的过冷度分别提高了2.3℃、1.9℃和1.5℃,系统的制冷量分别提高了3.6%、3.2%和4%,系统的性能系数分别提高了3.7%、3.1%和4.2%。在下一步的实验中可通过优化热电制冷片的运行工况,进一步提高系统的性能。     

机械过冷CO_2跨临界制冷循环性能理论分析

采用蒸气压缩制冷循环(辅助循环)对CO_2跨临界制冷循环气体冷却器出口的CO_2流体进行冷却,可减小节流不可逆损失,提高循环性能。本文对机械过冷CO_2跨临界制冷循环进行热力学循环分析,结果表明:当在最优排气压力和最优过冷度两个参数条件下,循环存在最大COP。环境温度越高、蒸发温度越低,采用机械过冷方法使循环性能提升越显著,相对传统CO_2制冷循环,通过辅助循环可显著提高循环COP,降低CO_2排气压力和温度。相对CO_2压缩机,辅助循环压缩机的功耗较少。分析了辅助循环中采用11种不同制冷剂的性能,可得除R41外,其它10种工质对循环整体COP的提升程度差异不明显。综上所述,机械过冷CO_2跨临界制冷循环更适用于环境温度较高、蒸发温度较低的场合。     

Film Boiling Heat Transfer during Reflood Phase in Postulated PWR Loss-of-Coolant Accident

A single heater rod PWR reflood heat transfer experiments and analyses of the PWR- Full Length Emergency Core Heat Transfer (PWR-FLECHT) Group I data were carried out. The objectives of the experiments and the analyses were to evaluate film boiling heat transfer coefficients in the core during reflood phase of a postulated loss-of-coolant accident in pressurized water reactors, and to provide necessary information on heat transfer correlations for development of a safety analysis computer code.

The results of these experiments showed that the film boiling heat transfer coefficients are strongly dependent upon the local subcooling at the quench front. It was found that when the subcooling at the quench front was zero, the saturated film boiling heat transfer coefficients could be expressed by a correlation similar to the Bromley correlation by introducing a representative length which is defined as the distance between the quench front and the elevation at which the coefficients are evaluated. When the subcooling at the quench front is not zero, the subcooled film boiling heat transfer coefficients could be expressed by a simple correlation. This correlation predicted that experimental results within the error band of ±20%.     

Application of an Artificial Neural Network in Reactor Thermohydraulic Problem: Prediction of Critical Heat Flux

A new method for predicting Critical Heat Flux (CHF) with the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) method is presented in this paper. The ANNs were trained based on three conditions: type I (inlet or upstream conditions), II (local or CHF point conditions) and III (outlet or downstream conditions). The best condition for predicting CHF is type II, providing an accuracy of ±10%. The effects of main parameters such as pressure, mass flow rate, equilibrium quality and inlet subcooling on CHF were analyzed using the ANN. Critical heat flux under oscillation flow conditions was also predicted.