An easy pot incubation method for measuring nitrogen mineralization from easily decomposable organic material under well defined conditions

A pot incubation method for measuring mineralization dynamics from fresh plant material was tested. The aim was to develop a method which under well-defined conditions could produce mineralization data suited for estimating model input parameters for nitrogen prediction models. The results showed that the water tension of the soil could be controlled easily and precisely by diffusion through porous ceramic cups, and that nitrogen mineralization or immobilization could be measured already after 15 days at 15°C. The results showed that for the incubated catch crop residues carbon, nitrogen and nitrate-N contents were the most important factors determining mineralization. No significant effects ould be ascribed to other parameters measured.     

三元硝酸熔盐高温粘度的计算

三元硝酸熔盐是一种重要的传热蓄热介质,粘度物性数据对其在工业中应用非常重要.但是由于硝酸熔盐熔点高,腐蚀性强,测试条件苛刻,粘度测量结果偏差较大,故利用计算方法确定熔盐粘度.本文首先通过大量实验数据拟合了纯物质KNO3,NaNO3和NaNO2的粘度,再利用Arrhenius混合规则确定的经验公式计算三元硝酸熔盐的粘度.与前人实际测量值进行比较.结果发现:利用简单经验公式估算的结果与实际测量值比较接近,表明这种熔盐热物性变化受外界影响较小,可以利用Arrhenius简单混合规则确定熔盐粘度.     

Electrochemical Behavior of Single CuO Nanoparticles: Implications for the Assessment of their Environmental Fate

The electrochemical behavior of copper oxide nanoparticles is investigated at both the single particle and at the ensemble level in neutral aqueous solutions through the electrode‐particle collision method and cyclic voltammetry, respectively. The influence of Cl^? and NO₃^? anions on the electrochemical processes occurring at the nanoparticles is further evaluated. The electroactivity of CuO nanoparticles is found to differ between the two types of experiments. At the single‐particle scale, the reduction of the CuO nanoparticles proceeds to a higher extent in the presence of chloride ion than of nitrate ion containing solutions. However, at the multiparticle scale the CuO reduction proceeds to the same extent regardless of the type of anions present in solution. The implications for assessing realistically the environmental fate and therefore the toxicity of metal‐based nanoparticles in general, and copper‐based nanoparticles in particular, are discussed.     

Fabrication and gas-sensing properties of hierarchically porous ZnO architectures

Hierarchically three-dimensional (3D) porous ZnO architectures are synthesized by a template-free, economical aqueous solution method combined with subsequent calcination. First, the precursors of interlaced and monodisperse basic zinc nitrate (BZN) nanosheets are prepared. Then calcination of the precursors produces hierarchically 3D porous ZnO architectures composed of interlaced ZnO nanosheets with high porosity resulting from the thermal decomposition of the precursors. The products are characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric-differential thermalgravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller N₂ adsorption-desorption analyses. The BET surface area of the hierarchically porous ZnO nanostructures was calculated to be 12.8 m² g⁻¹. Compared with ZnO rods, the as-prepared porous ZnO nanosheets exhibit a good response and reversibility to some organic gases, such as ethanol and acetone. The responses to 100 ppm ethanol and acetone are 24.3 and 31.6, respectively, at a working temperature of 320 °C. These results show that the porous ZnO architectures are highly promising for gas sensor applications, as the gas diffusion and mass transportation in sensing materials are significantly enhanced by their unique structures. Moreover, it is believed that this solution-based approach can be extended to fabricate other porous metal oxide materials with a unique morphology or shape.     

Influence of cement type on transport properties and chemical degradation: Application to nuclear waste storage

The geological repository of nuclear waste in concrete containers is a possible storage method explored by ANDRA (Agence Nationale pour la gestion des Déchets RadioActifs). The concrete must display a high confinement capacity for long periods, characterized by low transport properties and by the acido-basic buffer of hydrated cement. During service life, these properties can be endangered by chemical attack of underground water. The cement type has an important influence on the concrete's performances. Then, it is essential to establish appropriate mixtures with accurate components. In this work an ordinary Portland cement and a fly ash and blast furnace slag blended cement are compared. To determine confinement capacities, transfer properties and mortars microstructure were investigated. To predict the long term behaviour, an ammonium nitrate test has been developed to enhance decalcification and to accelerate hydrolysis of cementitious materials. Measurement of degraded depth with time regarding calcium content was carried out. Impact of decalcification on transport properties was evaluated. Fly ash and blast furnace slag provide better properties for native mortars, and more particularly diffusion properties, but not as much as necessary to limit leaching in degraded material by chemical attack.     

稀土硝酸盐对磷化过程的促进作用

实验验证了稀土硝酸盐(REN)对磷化的显著影响:促进成膜、提高耐蚀性以及促使膜外貌和组成的改变。其原因在于,稀土硝酸盐既可使金属表面产生去极化作用而加速阴极反应,又容易在金属表面形成凝胶起到晶核作用,从而加速磷酸盐膜的形成并提高耐蚀性。其较佳的投加量范围是30mg.L-1~55mg.L-1。     

电镀厂化验废液中银的再生利用

针对电镀厂化验室产生的含银废液的再生利用方法进行了研究，建立了从电镀厂化验废液中回收银，并直接制成分析纯硝酸银的工艺。该方法简单可行，对减少化验室废水对环境的污染，提高银二次资源的利用率，降低化验成本具有现实意义。该工艺可推广到硝酸银消耗量较大的其他化验室。     

在UO_2(NO_3)_2-TBP-CCI_4有机相中光化还原制备铀(Ⅳ)的研究

本文的目的是研究在TBP有机相中光化还原铀(Ⅵ)以制备铀(Ⅳ)。选用了高压汞灯作为激发光源,CCl_4为TBP的稀释剂。研究了反应温度、原始水相溶液组成等因素对铀(Ⅳ)产额和亚硝酸生成量的影响。推荐了制备铀(Ⅳ)的适宜条件。     

硝酸铀酰光化还原的研究

本文的目的是探讨光化还原制备硝酸钠(Ⅳ)。研制了一个与硝酸钠酰的吸收光谱匹配较好的金属卤化物灯——镓灯作为激发光源,在不另加滤光器的条件下,对几种还原剂的还原能力作了比较,并对乙醇作还原剂时,硝酸浓度、乙醇浓度、初始铀酰离子浓度以及温度等因素对光化还原铀(Ⅵ)到铀(Ⅳ)的还原率的影响进行了研究。