Role of the Ubiquitin System in Stress Granule Metabolism

Eukaryotic cells react to various stress conditions with the rapid formation of membrane-less organelles called stress granules (SGs). SGs form by multivalent interactions between RNAs and RNA-binding proteins and are believed to protect stalled translation initiation complexes from stress-induced degradation. SGs contain hundreds of different mRNAs and proteins, and their assembly and disassembly are tightly controlled by post-translational modifications. The ubiquitin system, which mediates the covalent modification of target proteins with the small protein ubiquitin (‘ubiquitylation’), has been implicated in different aspects of SG metabolism, but specific functions in SG turnover have only recently emerged. Here, we summarize the evidence for the presence of ubiquitylated proteins at SGs, review the functions of different components of the ubiquitin system in SG formation and clearance, and discuss the link between perturbed SG clearance and the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. We conclude that the ubiquitin system plays an important, medically relevant role in SG biology.     

传统酸面团中细菌与酵母菌的分离与鉴定

为进一步描述我国传统面食发酵剂的理化性质和菌落组成,收集了北方地区6份发酵剂样品,测定了其酸度和菌落总数,并对分离、纯化、初筛后得到的75株细菌和60株酵母菌进行了测序鉴定。结果显示,样品pH值范围为3.73~5.46,总滴定酸度为8.3~19.8 mL;乳酸菌和酵母菌的计数结果分别为8.35±0.07~9.75±0.12 Log cfu/g,6.31±0.22~8.68±0.04 Log cfu/g。鉴定出包括短乳杆菌(Lactobacillus brevis)、植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)和旧金山乳杆菌(Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis)在内的乳酸菌8种;酵母菌4种,其中优势菌为酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae);其他细菌6种,主要为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(B.amyloliquefaciens)、地衣芽孢杆菌(B.licheniformis)和醋杆菌。结果表明,我国传统面食发酵剂菌相复杂,以酵母菌和乳酸菌为主,还包括芽孢杆菌、醋酸杆菌在内的多种其他细菌,甚至可能含有致病菌。通过比较细菌和酵母在不同酸面团样品中的分布,发现不同来源样品的微生物种类组成存在差异。     

烟台干红葡萄酒发酵过程中酵母种类鉴定

利用WL培养基对分离自烟台葡萄果皮和干红葡萄酒发酵过程中的117株酵母菌进行归类,采用26S rDNA D1/D2区序列分析进行分子鉴定,共得到6属8种。并对发酵过程不同时期的酵母种类进行分析,结果表明发酵过程中酵母种类持续减少。     

c9t11‐Conjugated linoleic acid‐rich oil fails to attenuate wasting in colon‐26 tumor‐induced late‐stage cancer cachexia in male CD2F1 mice

Scope: Cancer cachexia is characterized by muscle and adipose tissue wasting caused partly by chronic, systemic inflammation. Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) are a group of fatty acids with various properties including anti‐inflammatory cis9, trans11 (c9t11)‐CLA and lipid‐mobilizing trans10, cis12 (t10c12)‐CLA. The purpose of this study was to test whether dietary supplementation of a c9t11‐CLA‐rich oil (6:1 c9t11:t10c12) could attenuate wasting of muscle and adipose tissue in colon‐26 adenocarcinoma‐induced cachexia in mice. Methods and results: Loss of body weight, muscle and adipose tissue mass caused by tumors were not rescued by supplementation with the c9t11‐CLA‐rich oil. In quadriceps muscle, c9t11‐CLA‐rich oil exacerbated tumor‐induced gene expression of inflammatory markers tumor necrosis factor‐α, IL‐6 receptor and the E3 ligase MuRF‐1 involved in muscle proteolysis. In epididymal adipose tissue, tumor‐driven delipidation and atrophy was aggravated by the c9,t11‐CLA‐rich oil, demonstrated by further reduced adipocyte size and lower adiponectin expression. However, expression of inflammatory cytokines and macrophage markers were not altered by tumors, or CLA supplementation. Conclusion: These data suggest that addition of c9t11‐CLA‐rich oil (0.6% c9t11, 0.1% t10c12) in diet did not ameliorate wasting in mice with cancer cachexia. Instead, it increased expression of inflammatory markers in the muscle and increased adipose delipidation.     

26S rDNA序列分析法鉴定开菲尔发酵液中的酵母菌

利用26S r DNA D1/D2区序列分析法鉴定了内蒙古牧区传统开菲尔发酵液中的酵母菌,为筛选可发酵特色乳酒的酵母菌奠定基础。对所分离纯化得的酵母菌进行菌落特征和细胞显微形态区分,在形态鉴定基础上,选择代表菌进行26S r DNA D1/D2区序列分子鉴定。结果表明,共分离到36株酵母菌,形态聚类为5类,经DNA提取、26S r DNA D1/D2区PCR扩增、酶切、基因序列分析和同源性比对,鉴定为5种分子类型的酵母菌,分别为胶红酵母菌(Rhodotorula mucilaginosa)、诞沫假丝酵母菌(Candida zeylanoides)、发酵毕赤酵母菌(Pichia fermentans)、酿酒酵母菌(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)、有孢圆酵母菌(Torulaspora delbrueckii)。传统开菲尔发酵液中分离到的酿酒酵母,具有可发酵特色乳酒的潜质。     

新麦26不同粉路小麦粉及其面包品质的分析

在小麦制粉过程中,因出粉部位的不同而导致了各粉路粉品质存在差异。以金像面包粉为对照,选用新麦26品种小麦为原料,利用实验磨制粉得到3路皮粉和3路心粉,通过测定其主要成分、粉质参数、RVA糊化特性及其面包TPA参数,确定用于面包制作的粉路粉。结果表明皮粉蛋白质和湿面筋含量均高于心粉,前路皮粉低于后路皮粉,前路心粉高于后路心粉;各粉路粉的面团形成时间、稳定时间和峰值粘度、回生值以及面包的弹性和回复性都与其蛋白质含量变化规律一致;1M粉的灰分含量最小,3M粉的吸水率和脂肪含量最大,3B粉的面包硬度、咀嚼性、弱化度和稀懈值最小。通过与金像对照组比较分析可知,新麦26的后路皮粉和前路心粉均可用于面包粉的生产,皮粉中以3B粉最佳,心粉中以1M粉最佳。     

储粮害虫检测与识别技术研究进展

该文概述各种储粮害虫检测与识别技术特点及其工作原理,如粮食探管和诱捕器法、信息素诱集法、灯光诱集法、声测法、电导率检测法、近红外反射光谱识别法、机器视觉检测与识别法、软X–射线成像识别法等;并对具有开发和应用前景X–射线成像和机器视觉检测与识别技术进行探讨。     

泡椒凤爪中解脂耶氏酵母的分离鉴定及生长特性分析

本研究对涨袋泡椒凤爪产品中的主要腐败菌及其生长特性进行了分析。采用传统的分离培养方法,筛选出主要的污染菌群,通过美兰染色镜检对细胞形态进行检测,利用26S rDNA D1/D2区序列测定及系统发育分析对分离菌株进行鉴定,采取ERIC-RAPD技术对分离菌株的分子遗传多态性进行分析,最后对优势菌株的生长特性进行研究。结果表明:从涨袋产品中共分离出40株酵母菌,分别编号为PJ1~PJ40,镜检发现所有菌株的细胞形态相同,均为椭圆形。经分子鉴定发现所分离菌株都为解脂耶氏酵母,且为两个基因分型,说明解脂耶氏酵母是该产品中的一种优势腐败菌,且污染源不同。同时,研究发现解脂耶氏酵母PJ1的最适生长pH值为4.5、最适生长温度为25℃、并且NaCl浓度的升高对该菌的生长起到一定的抑制作用。     

层状锂离子正极材料Li_(1+x)(Co_(0.2)Ni_(0.4)Mn_(0.4))O_2的结构和电化学性能的研究

采用溶胶凝胶法,用柠檬酸作为鳌合剂,在不同的温度下合成制备均一的层状锂离子正极材料Li(Co0.2Ni0.4Mn0.4)O2。XRD、SEM实验数据表明,在较低温度700°C下便可制得层状Li1+x(Co0.2Ni0.4Mn0.4)O2,并具有均一的颗粒形貌,颗粒大小为300 nm左右。XPS显示其正极材料中的Co、Ni、Mn的化学价态分别为+3,+2,+4,均为它们的稳定价态。700°C下合成的材料在20mA/g,2.9~4.6 V电压范围内,首次放电比容量为210.2 mAh/g,50周后放电比容量仍高达185.3 mAh/g,容量损失为11.84%。     

新型多重富集低NOx煤粉燃烧器的研究

对多重富集低 NOx 煤粉燃烧器的结构及特点进行了分析 ,初步阐述了这种燃烧器的低负荷稳燃和低 NOx 排放原理 ,并进行了一系列冷态模化实验 ,研究了燃烧器结构和气流等因素对这种燃烧器性能 ,即浓淡风比、阻力系数的影响 .实验结果表明 ,档块间开度对燃烧器阻力损失影响显著 ,开度增加可使燃烧器阻力损失降低 ,浓淡风比减小 ,但双档块开度过多 ,会使加粉时煤粉气流的浓淡分离效果变差 ;浓淡风比受燃烧器浓淡侧阻力平衡决定 ,为此 ,必须在浓侧设置阻力调节器 ,满足阻力特性和风量平衡的多重要求 ,根据实验结果得到了优化的燃烧器结构 .