Interactive tree modeling and deformation with collision detection and avoidance

We present an interactive tree modeling and deformation system that supports an efficient collision detection and avoidance using a bounding volume hierarchy of sweep surfaces. Starting with conventional tree models (given as meshes), we convert them into sweep surfaces and deform their branches interactively while detecting and avoiding collisions with many other branches. Multiple tree models (sharing the same topology) can be generated with great ease using this sweep‐based approach, and they can serve as a basis for the generation of a multiparameter family of trees. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in an automatic generation of similar trees, the colonization of trees to form a forest, and the tree growth, aging, and withering simulations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Assessing the aggregation behaviour of iron oxide nanoparticles under relevant environmental conditions using a multi-method approach

Iron nanoparticles are becoming increasingly popular for the treatment of contaminated soil and groundwater; however, their mobility and reactivity in subsurface environments are significantly affected by their tendency to aggregate. Assessing their stability under environmental conditions is crucial for determining their environmental fate. A multi-method approach (including different size-measurement techniques and the DLVO theory) was used to thoroughly characterise the behaviour of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe₂O₃NPs) under environmentally relevant conditions. Although recent studies have demonstrated the importance of using a multi-method approach when characterising nanoparticles, the majority of current studies continue to use a single-method approach.Under some soil conditions (i.e. pH 7, 10 mM NaCl and 2 mM CaCl₂) and increasing particle concentration, Fe₂O₃NPs underwent extensive aggregation to form large aggregates (>1 μm). Coating the nanoparticles with dissolved organic matter (DOM) was investigated as an alternative “green” solution to overcoming the aggregation issue instead of using the more commonly proposed polyelectrolytes. At high concentrations, DOM effectively covered the surface of the Fe₂O₃NPs, thereby conferring negative surface charge on the particles across a wide range of pH values. This provided electrostatic stabilisation and considerably reduced the particle aggregation effect. DOM-coated Fe₂O₃NPs also proved to be more stable under high ionic strength conditions. The presence of CaCl₂, however, even at low concentrations, induced the aggregation of DOM-coated Fe₂O₃NPs, mainly via charge neutralisation and bridging. This has significant implications in regards to the reactivity and fate of these materials in the environment.     

多级模糊层次分析法在农村公路养护管理工作中的应用研究

为提高农村公路养护管理水平,分析了农村公路养护管理工作效果的影响因素,建立了多层的农村公路养护管理工作考核评价指标体系。应用多级模糊综合评价方法对不同乡镇的农村公路养护管理工作进行评估考核,并进行了等级排名。结果表明,该方法很好地体现出农村公路养护管理工作评估的模糊性和主观性。     

A multi-criteria analysis for bridge sustainability assessment: a case study of Penang Second Bridge,Malaysia

Bridges are a critical part of our nation's economic prosperity and local community well-being. One of the latest trends in bridge engineering is sustainable design, which is designing so that resources are available for many generations to come. Sustainable design considers the ecological, economic and socio-cultural environments and works to balance all three. There are some sustainable infrastructure rating systems (RSs) available, such as Envision that can be applied to bridges. However, no system has been developed that would specifically apply to bridge sustainability assessment. The objectives of this study are first, to investigate bridge sustainability issues from three main aspects: environmental, economical and social; and second, to apply multi-criteria analysis to assess the sustainability of the Penang Second Bridge in Malaysia. A hierarchy structure of the sustainable bridge attributes was developed for each RS, and an analytical hierarchy process method was then applied for the appraisal of the sustainability of a bridge pertaining to the relative attributes. The research involved a committee of Malaysian bridge professionals to support the rational decision-making. The results reveal that the case study has achieved most of the criteria of the sustainability assessments.     

基于AHP的油气管道地理信息系统综合评价研究

运用层次分析法(AHP),对油气管道地理信息系统(GIS)的构建、性能、应用三大方面进行综合评价,建立了系统层次结构模型,并由专家及用户对GIS系统的各项指标进行综合评判,构造比较矩阵,利用MATLAB软件确定了影响地理信息系统优越性的各因素权重。研究表明:在系统构建方面,系统先进性所占权重最大,系统经济性次之;在性能上,系统稳定性所占权重最大,其次是维护性和应急性;而在系统应用上,则偏重于经济效益和用户满意度。     

基于复杂网络聚类的提升机主轴系统故障诊断

针对摩擦提升机主轴系统故障耦合、特征微弱且故障样本不易获得的问题,提出一种基于复杂网络聚类的故障诊断方法。该方法从故障数据表现出社团结构的本质出发,以各数据样本为节点,样本间相似度为有权边,构建加权无向复杂网络模型。将欧氏空间的距离概念推广到样本的相似性度量上提出广义Ward距离,并以此为划分准则,采用凝聚型合并过程实现网络模型中社团的聚类,即故障样本的模式识别。对主轴系统过载、滚动轴承元件故障及减速器齿轮磨损的分析结果表明,该方法能准确对已知故障类型数据进行聚类,且在过程中不预设类别数,为收集异常数据以便未知故障的发现与诊断提供了数据支持。与多元支持向量机与快速Newman算法的对比结果表明,该方法具有更高的识别精度与效率。     

基于模糊综合评判的飞机液压泵故障预测

针对飞机液压泵故障难以准确预测的技术难题,提出了基于模糊综合评判和层次分析法的飞机液压泵故障预测方法。根据液压泵的工作机理及形成机制,分析液压泵在运行过程中的几种常见故障形式,得到液压泵常见故障模式和故障因素集,采用层次分析法计算故障预测中的各项权重,运用模糊综合评判法对液压泵的故障进行预测。以某型飞机液压泵为具体研究对象,对提出的方法进行试验验证。结果表明,该方法能够实现飞机液压泵故障预测的效能,对其他航空设备的故障预测也具有良好的应用前景。     

数控机床的热误差建模与补偿研究

数控机床的热变形误差是影响其加工精度的主要因素。针对当前机床热误差难以解决的问题,提出一种融合模糊聚类理论、灰色关联理论和多元线性回归理论的热误差建模及补偿原理,通过应用于实验室自主研制的AGPM,经机床温度场的测点优化分析、多元线性回归求解,建立了精确的热误差补偿模型。经补偿验证,该原理理论正确、简单易行、稳定可靠,可以大幅减小机床的热变形误差。     

基于灰色聚类方法的加工中心进给系统可靠性评价

应用MTALAB软件对加工中心进给系统的故障数据进行分析,得到平均首次故障时间(MTTFF)和平均故障间隔时间(MTBF)的点估计值和区间估计值。采用灰色聚类方法划分可靠性指标可拓区间灰数等级,并通过建立白化权函数得到等级区间权重矩阵。再结合构建比较判断矩阵确定的两种可靠性指标权重,最终建立了灰色聚类综合评价模型,对该加工中心进给系统可靠性水平进行评价。     

工件表面缺陷图像检测中的自适应聚类

目的 针对工件表面形态复杂、干涉交叠缺陷难以实现自动分离、分类图像检测的情况,提出一种工件表面交叠缺陷自适应图像聚类方法。方法 首先提取工件表面缺陷二值图像,采用混合概率主成分分析器估计缺陷位置各像素点局部切空间信息,并改进局部切空间之间的相似性矩阵;然后通过改进局部密度峰值自适应方法,基于相似性矩阵确定聚类中心点和数目;最后通过谱多流形聚类,将各分析器所包含的像素点分配至不同缺陷流形结构中,实现多个交叠缺陷分离、检测。结果 首先通过比较计算与实际测量的长度、宽度来验证该方法对相互交叠结构缺陷良好、准确的分离效果,平均相对误差分别为0.957%和0.650%。其次为了体现该方法对于分离工件表面相互交叠缺陷的有效性及优越性,使用k-means聚类、谱聚类与该方法进行对比实验,证明了该方法良好的聚类效果。最后对所设计方法的稳定性进行测试,统计检测结果的平均ME值均在6%以下,正确聚类数目率高达99%~100%。结论 该方法能够较为准确地自动识别工件表面图像中存在相互干涉的不同缺陷,并进行分离。