Preparation of granular activated carbon from oil palm shell by microwave-induced chemical activation: Optimisation using surface response methodology

In this study, waste palm shell was used to produce activated carbon (AC) using microwave radiation and zinc chloride as a chemical agent. The operating parameters of the preparation process were optimised by a combination of response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD). The influence of the four major parameters, namely, microwave power, activation time, chemical impregnation ratio and particle size, on methylene blue (MB) adsorption capacity and AC yield were investigated. Based on the analysis of variance, microwave power and microwave radiation time were identified as the most influential factors for AC yield and MB adsorption capacity, respectively. The optimum preparation conditions are a microwave power of 1200 W, an activation time of 15 min, a ZnCl₂ impregnation ratio of 1.65 (g Zn/g precursor) and a particle size of 2 mm. The prepared AC under the optimised condition had a BET surface area (S_BET) of 1253.5 m²/g with a total pore volume (V_tot) of 0.83 cm³/g, which 56% of it was contributed to the micropore volume (V_mic).     

转基因小麦抗旱性鉴定及相关指标灰色关联度分析--测试文章

以9份转ABP9基因春小麦株系UC₄-1～UC₄-9及其受体亲本宁春4号为材料,在雨养和灌溉条件下,对这些材料的主要农艺性状和部分生化指标进行了测定,采用隶属函数值法和抗旱性度量（D）值法对其抗旱性进行了综合评价,并利用灰色关联度法对相关抗旱性状与抗旱指数之间的关联度进行了分析评价。结果表明：6份转基因小麦的抗旱性较受体亲本宁春4号增强,3份材料的抗旱性较非转基因春小麦品种定西35增强;各农艺性状和生化指标与抗旱指数的关联度从高到低依次分别为株高、单穗粒重、穗长、SOD活性、穗粒数、结实小穗数、有效分蘖数、POD活性、千粒重、脯氨酸含量、MDA含量。     

Preliminary study of L‐lysine production by Bacillus species using various agricultural by‐products

The production of lysine by Bacillus megaterium SP‐14 and Bacillus circulans Tx‐22 using agricultural by‐products as carbon and nitrogen sources was assessed. Among the carbon substrates used were potato, sorghum, plantain, millet, yam, cassava, and corn starches, while the nitrogen sources include cowpea, bambara‐nut, cotton seed, groundnut, soybean, and blood meals. The effect of natural nitrogen sources (1.0% w/v) and synthetic nitrogen source (4.0% w/v (NH₄)₂SO₄) on lysine production by the Bacillus strains showed that natural nitrogen sources gave better lysine yields.     

近30年内蒙古入湖流域干旱特征时空变化分析

黄河中上游地区入湖流域干旱特征时空变化对下游淡水湖泊水量调控及生态环境改善具有重要作用。基于乌梁素海东部流域23个水文气象站1986-2015年的逐日降水资料,经预白化处理后,选取基于标准化降水指数(SPI)的干旱历时和干旱严重度作为评价指标,应用Mann-Kendall法分析30 a来乌梁素海东部流域的干旱特征及变化趋势。研究结果表明:乌梁素海东部流域山区降水量多于平原地区降水量;干旱历时及干旱严重度随时间变化均不显著,流域北部和东南部地区干旱呈持续发展趋势;短时间尺度气象干旱集中发生在流域中部及东南部,中长时间尺度的农业和水文干旱共同发生在流域北部。在乌梁素海降水量微幅减少的趋势下,由于东部流域受水利工程建设等人类活动的影响,流域径流补给量呈明显降低趋势,而为改善湖泊水质、抑制黄藻,必然需相应增加凌汛期及灌溉间隙期引黄水量,二者关系的有效平衡及合理调控,可为区域从量质综合角度改善湖泊环境提供新思路。     

新安江模型在土壤墒情预报中的应用

近年来干旱已严重影响到自然生态环境的平衡及人类社会、经济的可持续发展。而墒情预报是干旱管理的一项基础工作。本文分析了国内外墒情预报的模型方法,并将新安江模型移用于土壤墒情的预报研究中,建立了基于水量平衡的土壤墒情预报方案。从模型的预测结果可以看出,模拟预报结果和实测值基本一致,该方法精度是较高的。新安江模型预报土壤含水量的模型结构简单,涉及参数少且物理意义明确,易于调试优选,便于在实际工作中推广使用。     

Multi-farm economic analysis of perennial energy crops in Central Greece, taking into account the CAP reform

This study analyses farm level economic impacts of biomass production from perennial crops including Arundo donax L. (arundo), Miscanthus x giganteus (miscanthus), Panicum virgatum L. (switchgrass) and Cynara cardunculus L. (cardoon). Regional biomass supply curves are estimated with a dynamic, multi-farm, mathematical programming model. Micro-economic data for the model are generated from farm surveys covering 52 farms containing a total of 400 parcels, in Central Greece. The study also examines the potential effects of the Common Agricultural Policy reform in 2003 on regional biomass supply. Simulations show that the policy reform toward decoupled subsidies lowers the cost of biomass between 15 and 25 euro per tonne. Switchgrass appears to be the most attractive option, followed by cardoon and miscanthus. Due to high specific machinery cost, arundo is never preferred. Relative to the agricultural policy setting of Agenda 2000, the biomass potential increases more for farms of small economic size and farms with a higher share of cotton.     

基于Z指数和SPI指数的钱塘江流域干旱时空分析

在分析钱塘江流域11个气象站1951～2008年的月降水资料基础上,提出了多时间尺度Z指数和标准化降水指数（SPI）,并通过普通Kriging方法对干旱指数进行插值,重点分析了钱塘江流域三次重大干旱的空间分布情况。研究表明,多时间尺度Z指数和SPI在计算钱塘江流域干旱情况结果大体一致,极端干旱情况Z指数更符合实际情况,而SPI计算稳定性强。该文中首次提出了多时间尺度Z指数在钱塘江流域的应用,与多时间尺度SPI进行对比分析,为以钱塘江流域为例的中国南方湿润区域的水资源评估和干旱监测提供了一定的参考价值。     

Manure Management at Ohio Confined Animal Feeding Facilities in the Maumee River Watershed

In 2015, 48 permitted Confined Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) housed approximately 90% of poultry and 20% of swine and cattle within the Ohio portion of the Maumee River watershed. Recently, concerns about the impact CAFOs may have on nutrient loading in the watershed have been raised. In this study, we used manure management plans and inspection reports obtained from the Ohio Department of Agriculture Division of Livestock Environmental Permitting (ODA-DLEP) to assess how these CAFOs managed their manure for the years 2014 and 2015. A majority of liquid manure was applied between April and October, closely matching the amount of liquid manure planned to be applied during this period. Approximately 79% of the acres under control of the CAFOs that received manure had Bray P1 soil test phosphorus values below 50 ppm. The average distance between a swine CAFO’s livestock holding barn to the fields they control that can receive manure was 1.43 miles while for cattle CAFOs this distance was 1.91 miles. Approximately 78% of manure phosphorus generated on CAFOs was planned to be transferred through Distribution and Utilization, a process in which ownership of manure changes hands, including virtually all solid poultry manure phosphorus. While publicly available data show that, in general, CAFOs in the region are adhering to their state-approved permits, a knowledge gap regarding the management of approximately 80% of manure phosphorus exists due to manure transferred through Distribution and Utilization and manure produced from non-permitted livestock operations.     

节水保湿养护膜在混凝土养护中的应用

以连霍国道主干线梯红公路改建工程第二合同段为例,结合节水保湿养护膜的工程特性及作用,论述其在干旱缺水地区混凝土施工养护中的应用效果及经济价值。