An accurate method to determine the through-plane electrical conductivity and to study transport properties in film samples

The through-plane conductivity of a film sample is critically important because it largely affects the performance of batteries, capacitors, and thermoelectric devices. In this study, we developed a modified four-probe through-plane electrical conductivity measurement method using a coaxial structure. This method is general and works for free-standing film samples. We studied different samples including a steel sheet, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, and conducting polymers. We confirmed metallic transportation in the steel sheet and hopping transportation in graphite in the through-plane direction by conducting low temperature measurements at 100 K. In the case of a conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/polystyrene sulfonate, the conductivity anisotropic ratio decreases with increasing in-plane conductivity. Temperature dependent measurements show two distinct activation energy regimes in the through-plane direction in PEDOT/PSS but almost no change in the in-plane electrical conductivity activation energy. This could be due to additional carrier paths that occur through the more disordered region (the PSS-rich region) in the through-plane direction. We also examined the Meyer–Neldel rule in PEDOT/PSS and concluded that PEDOT/PSS follows the anti-Meyer–Neldel rule, likely due to the high carrier density in the film.     

A simple method for high yield fabrication of sharp silicon tips

A simple, high yield, method for the fabrication of sharp silicon tips is described. A triangular etch mask design is used to ensure that the tip forms with a single point. An anisotropic wet etch gives rise to a tip that continues to “self-sharpen” after the etch mask is released. The tip geometry comprises three converging {1 1 3} planes towards the apex with {3 1 3} planes forming at the base. The apex of each tip typically has a radius of curvature of <5 nm, which can be reduced to <2 nm by a subsequent oxide sharpening process. Tips of this kind have been successfully integrated into the fabrication of atomic force microscopy probes.     

AN INVERSE PROBLEM OF WATER WAVE GENERATION IN A WAVE TANK

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Anisotropic diffusion for noise removal of band pass signals

A noise removal method for band pass signals based on the anisotropic diffusion algorithm originally put forward by Perona and Malik is proposed in this paper. The anisotropic smoothing algorithm proposed here is for band pass signals modulated with a constant carrier frequency. A partial differential equation to smooth band pass noisy signals is derived. The propagator of this differential equation is also analytically calculated in this paper. An appropriate linear operator is then considered here for such band pass signals to form an anisotropic diffusion algorithm. The algorithm proposed here demonstrates better performance for band pass noisy signals containing discontinuities in comparison with the traditional Perona-Malik (PM) algorithm and is robust in the presence of excessive noise with SNR less than unity.     

Formulation and characterization of anisotropic conductive adhesive paste for microelectronics packaging applications

There has been a steadily increasing interest in using electrically conductive adhesives as interconnecting materials in electronics manufacturing. In this paper, several anisotropic conductive adhesive (ACA) pastes were formulated, which consist of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol F or diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A as polymer matrix, imidazoles as curing agents, and different sizes of silver (Ag) powders or gold (Au)-coated polymer spheres as conductive particles. The effects of ACA resin and different curing agents, as well as different conductive particles, on flexible substrate of the flip-chip joint were studied. The results show that the size and type of different conductive particles have very limited influence on an ACA flip-chip joint. The ACA resin as well as the curing agent can affect the reliability of the joint. The same results can be applied for the failure analysis of ACA flip-chip technology.     

基于磁场积分法和Tikhonov正则化的船舶固定磁场重建与分解技术

船舶铁磁材料磁化历史的复杂性及其不可预知性使得船舶固定磁场计算一直是船舶磁隐身中的技术难题。针对船舶固定磁场重建与分解问题,提出了一种基于磁场积分法和Tikhonov正则化方法的铁磁物体固定磁场重建与分解新方法。首先通过测量得到了船舶下方空间若干场点处的磁场值,并以正问题形式计算得到了地磁场作用下船舶在测量场点处的感应磁场值;后基于测量场点处的磁场测量数据和所计算的感应磁场数据,建立船舶固定磁场反演计算模型,并采用Tikhonov正则化方法对反演模型进行求解,以克服反演模型病态性的影响。设计船舶固定磁场的计算实例,结果证明该方法具有较好地计算精度,能够有效实现船舶固定磁场的重建与分解。     

太阳射电Ⅱ型爆发中频率分裂现象的特征自动提取研究

在射电动态频谱图上,太阳射电爆发中的Ⅱ型暴通常具有缓慢漂移的基频和二次谐频辐射带,这些辐射带又具有带分裂结构.Ⅱ型射电暴的频率分裂现象是太阳射电频谱图像研究的重要现象之一.本文首先采用通道归一化方法和大津法对频谱图像进行预处理,然后通过形态学开闭重建定位出爆发区域.确定爆发区域后,采用高斯卷积平滑爆发,并运用边缘指示函...     

Oriented total variation l1/2 regularization

Total Variation (TV) is a widely used image restoration/decomposition model. It is observed that the classical TV l1 and TV l2 regularization, on the one hand, do not favor higher-gradient structures over lower-gradient details as expected for structure preserving image processing, and on the other hand, tend to reduce the horizontal and vertical gradients, and thus inevitably blur the oblique edges in images. In this paper, we address these two problems by defining Oriented Total Variation l1/2 (OTV l1/2). It is theoretically and experimentally demonstrated that applying l1/2 regularization to the directional derivatives of images leads to superior structure preservation. OTV l1/2 regularization can be applied to image denoising and video compression, and the experimental results verify that OTV l1/2 outperforms other similar models.     

Extraction and Regularization of Various Building Boundaries with Complex Shapes Utilizing Distribution Characteristics of Airborne LIDAR Points

This study presents an approach for extracting boundaries of various buildings, which have concave boundaries, inner yards, non‐right‐angled corners, and nonlinear edges. The approach comprises four steps: building point segmentation, boundary tracing, boundary grouping, and regularization. In the second and third steps, conventional algorithms are improved for more accurate boundary extraction, and in the final step, a new algorithm is presented to extract nonlinear edges. The unique characteristics of airborne light detection and ranging (LIDAR) data are considered in some steps. The performance and practicality of the presented algorithm were evaluated for buildings of various shapes, and the average omission and commission error of building polygon areas were 0.038 and 0.033, respectively