基于新型三维辐射应力的近岸波流耦合模型

为了合理模拟近岸波流运动,基于考虑海底坡度影响的新型三维辐射应力公式,建立近岸三维波流耦合数学模型. 该模型引入2种波面水滚模式,考虑波浪附加水平紊动效应. 采用大量实测数据对所建模型进行验证. 结果表明,利用该模型可以较好地模拟近岸波浪传播以及增减水、沿岸流、底部离岸流、裂流等不同的近岸波生流现象. 该模型采用的波流耦合方式能够全面地反映近岸波流的相互作用,新型三维辐射应力公式较其他公式可以更准确地描述波生流的垂向结构. 对于不同的近岸流算例,获得更准确的模拟结果可能需要采用不同的水滚模式,说明更具普适性的水滚模型有待进一步的研究. 考虑波浪水平紊动会使模型计算出的流速平面分布更平滑,避免出现过于突兀的流场结果.     

干涉型成像光谱仪在轨辐射定标技术应用

为提高干涉型成像光谱仪空间目标测量精度,降低传感器中各个探测元响应度差异,提升成像光谱仪在轨辐亮度测量准确性。提出了一种基于定标场反射率测量参数结合计算程序仿真与成像仪在轨测量数据比对的空间定标方法。首先在介绍高光谱定标概念的基础上,提出了不同光谱响应函数、不同场地条件下的高精度入瞳亮度计算方法;其次对干涉型成像光谱仪进行在轨相对辐射修正,校正传感器中各探测元相应度差异,利用反射率基法开展了在轨绝对辐射定标试验,针对可见光、近红外波段建立在轨辐射定标计算模型。解决了包括多种反射率场地、高精度测试区域指示的试验方案优化设计问题,实现了星载高分辨率干涉型成像光谱仪的在轨高精度定标。研究结果表明,采用该定标技术使成像光谱仪的在轨测量精度达到5%。此外,定标场地环境条件对模型计算精度有一定影响,大面积均匀场适合采用反射率基法,小面积均匀场则引入邻近像元效应进行计算,通过布设人工指示目标,可提高反射率测量数据的准确性。所采用的定标技术已获得工程应用。     

辐射数据缺失时TMY与逐时值生成方法分析

为解决太阳辐射数据缺失导致无法准确地进行建筑能耗模拟、建筑节能等相关分析,以西安市为例,研究太阳辐射数据缺失时典型气象年(TMY)挑选与逐时辐射预测。首先,通过相关性分析得出容易获取的日照时数与太阳辐射相关性最高,因此在传统Sandia方法的基础上采用日照时数替代辐射的方法挑选TMY,并对挑选结果进行参数对比分析,验证了新参数挑选出TMY的准确性。其次,通过主要太阳辐射影响参数对比,选择合理的预测输入参数,选用处理泛化问题能力较强的神经网络及其优化算法进行逐时辐射预测研究,并将得到的结果与统计模型和观测数据进行对比分析。最后,参照中国建筑节能设计标准建立办公建筑模型,并利用本研究提出的方法得出的气象数据进行建筑能耗模拟验证,分别分析了建筑采暖与制冷能耗的变化情况。结果表明,提出的TMY挑选方法可以很好地解决辐射数据缺失地区挑选TMY的难题,神经网络算法可以对逐时辐射数据进行较精准的预测,为辐射数据缺失研究建筑节能提供新思路。     

γ‐Irradiation preparation of poly(acrylic acid)–chitosan hydrogels for in vitro drug release

Biocompatible and biodegradable pH‐responsive hydrogels based on poly(acrylic acid) and chitosan were prepared for controlled drug delivery. These interpolymeric hydrogels were synthesized by a γ‐irradiation polymerization technique. The degree of gelation was over 96% and increased as the chitosan or acrylic acid (AAc) content increased. The equilibrium swelling studies of hydrogels prepared under various conditions were carried out in an aqueous solution, and the pH sensitivity in a range of pH 1–12 was investigated. The AAc/chitosan hydrogels showed the highest water content when 30 vol % AAc and 0.1 wt % chitosan were irradiated with a 30 kGy dose of radiation. In addition, an increase of the degree of swelling with an increase in the pH was noticed and it had the highest value at pH 12. The drug 5‐fluorouracil was loaded into these hydrogels and the release studies were carried out in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. The in vitro release profiles of the drugs showed that more than 90% of the loaded drugs were released in the first 1 h at intestinal pH and the rest of the drug was released slowly. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 3270–3277, 2003     

Preparation of ion‐exchange membranes by hydrolysis of radiation‐grafted polyethylene‐g‐polyacrylamide membranes

Polyethylene‐g‐polyacrylamide membranes were prepared by graft polymerization of acrylamide onto polyethylene films using a preirradiation method. The ion‐exchange membranes were obtained by the hydrolysis of grafted films so as to transform amide groups into carboxyl groups. The fraction of amide groups transformed into carboxyl groups was limited to ～0.5. The characterization and thermal behavior of membranes with different degrees of grafting were evaluated by FTIR, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements. The heat of fusion and the crystallinity of polyethylene decreased considerably in the hydrolyzed membranes depending on the degree of grafting. It was found that the grafting of acrylamide led to the reduction in crystallinity due to disruption of the crystallites (crystal defects) and dilution of the inherent crystallinity (dilution effect). The contribution of the hydrolysis step to the crystallinity decrease was negligible. The thermal stability of the membranes as obtained from TGA showed considerable enhancement after hydrolysis. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 149–154, 2003     

Cytogenetic analysis of quinoa chromosomes using nanoscale imaging and spectroscopy techniques

Here we present a high-resolution chromosomal spectral map derived from synchrotron-based soft X-ray spectromicroscopy applied to quinoa species. The label-free characterization of quinoa metaphase chromosomes shows that it consists of organized substructures of DNA-protein complex. The analysis of spectra of chromosomes using the scanning transmission X-ray microscope (STXM) and its superposition of the pattern with the atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images proves that it is possible to precisely locate the gene loci and the DNA packaging inside the chromosomes. STXM has been successfully used to distinguish and quantify the DNA and protein components inside the quinoa chromosomes by visualizing the interphase at up to 30-nm spatial resolution. Our study represents the successful attempt of non-intrusive interrogation and integrating imaging techniques of chromosomes using synchrotron STXM and AFM techniques. The methodology developed for 3-D imaging of chromosomes with chemical specificity and temporal resolution will allow the nanoscale imaging tools to emerge from scientific research and development into broad practical applications such as gene loci tools and biomarker libraries.     

UV Radiation and the Skin

UV radiation (UV) is classified as a “complete carcinogen” because it is both a mutagen and a non-specific damaging agent and has properties of both a tumor initiator and a tumor promoter. In environmental abundance, UV is the most important modifiable risk factor for skin cancer and many other environmentally-influenced skin disorders. However, UV also benefits human health by mediating natural synthesis of vitamin D and endorphins in the skin, therefore UV has complex and mixed effects on human health. Nonetheless, excessive exposure to UV carries profound health risks, including atrophy, pigmentary changes, wrinkling and malignancy. UV is epidemiologically and molecularly linked to the three most common types of skin cancer, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma, which together affect more than a million Americans annually. Genetic factors also influence risk of UV-mediated skin disease. Polymorphisms of the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene, in particular, correlate with fairness of skin, UV sensitivity, and enhanced cancer risk. We are interested in developing UV-protective approaches based on a detailed understanding of molecular events that occur after UV exposure, focusing particularly on epidermal melanization and the role of the MC1R in genome maintenance.     

Improvement of physico-mechanical properties of jute yarn by photografting with 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propylmethacrylate

Jute yarns were treated with an alkoxy silane monomer 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propylmethacrylate under UV radiation. The monomer concentration and radiation intensity were optimized with respect to the extent of grafting and mechanical properties of the grafted (silanized) jute yarn. The enhanced tensile strength by 159%, elongation-at-break (237%) and polymer grafting (26.2%) were observed when the yarn was treated at 30 wt% silane in methanol under UV radiation for 30 min. The surfaces of both treated and untreated jute yarns were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM) and it was concluded that the silane reacted or deposited on jute surface as a result of UV radiation. Water uptake and degradation properties of untreated and silanized jute yarn were studied in various conditions such as simulated weathering and in soil containing 25% water. The silanized jute yarn showed lesser water uptake as well as less weight loss and mechanical properties as compared to virgin samples.     

Effect of bonding systems on the adhesion of butyl rubber to polyester fabric

An adhesion promoter system composed of hexamethylene tetramine, resorcinol, and hydrated silica was compounded with butyl rubber mix. This mix was spread over untreated polyester fabric. The resorcinol was also replaced by o-aminophenol, m-aminophenol, or m-phenylene diamine. The rubber-fabric materials were subjected to aging or exposed to ionizing radiation. The peel strength, permeability, dielectric constant, and electrical resistivity were examined.     

高辐射耐热涂层的研制

阐述了一种具有高辐射和耐高温性能的涂层，它可用于铁路的红外轴温探测系统，以提高该系统红外线(红外热量)的辅出度。介绍了涂层的制备工艺及其指标数据的测定原理及方法，分析了影响涂层耐热性及热辐射性能的众多因素。