Denotation and connotation in the human – computer interface: The ‘Save as …’ command

This paper presents a semiotic technique as a means of exploring meaning and understanding in interface design and use. This is examined through a study of the interaction between the ‘file’ metaphor and ‘save as’ command metaphor. The behaviour of these (from a functional or computational basis) do not exactly match, or map onto, the meaning of the metaphor. We examine both the denotation of a term to the user, i.e. its literal meaning to that person, and the term's connotations, i.e. any other meanings associated with the term. We suggest that the technique applied is useful in predicting future problems with understanding the use of metaphor at the interface and with designing appropriate signification for human-computer interaction. Variation in connotation was expected but a more fundamental difference in denotation was also uncovered. Moreover, the results clearly demonstrate that consistency in the denotation of a term is critical in achieving a good user understanding of the command.     

Model test of helical angle effect on coal loading performance of shear drum

The work presented in this paper focuses on improving coal loading performance of shear drum.Employing the similarity theory,we carried out a dimensional analysis of the correlation parameters which in...     

提高机械基础课教学效果的实践与探索

机械基础课因其内容通俗、知识面覆盖广的特点,对此本文通过多年来的教学实践,在如何有效组织本课程的教学,提高教学质量和教学效果,既能使学生轻松而又系统地掌握知识点,又能激发学生主动学习机械类相关专业知识的积极性进行了深入探索和实践,从而确定了较为合理的教学手段和方法。     

On learning and development, Piagetian style: I. A reply to Lefebvre-Pinard.

Examines the equilibration theory of Piaget (learning vs development, stage transitions) to make more explicit the methodological foundations of B. Inhelder et al (1974). In this connection, the "problem-solving" learning method used by these authors is analyzed by means of the new concept of "learning loops." Similarly, the successful equilibration learning method used by M. Lefebvre and A. Pinard (1974) is analyzed and shown to involve executive facilitation and chunking (coordination) of 2 crucial schemes. A process-structural model of conservation acquisition previously developed by the present author, and its empirical tests by R. Case (1975) and by G. M. Parkinson (1975), are used to illustrate and to empirically support the process-structural differences theoretically found between these 2 equilibration methods. (54 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

水工混凝土结构裂缝成因挖掘的粗集方法研究

裂缝是水工混凝土结构常见病害之一,针对水工混凝土结构运行期的裂缝问题,应用粗集理论,结合实测资料,对裂缝产生的主要原因进行了系统地研究,提出了裂缝成因挖掘的粗集方法.     

Interplay Between Wetting and Phase Behavior in Binary Polymer Films and Wedges: Monte Carlo Simulations and Mean Field Calculations

Confining a binary mixture, one can profoundly alter its miscibility behavior. The qualitative features of miscibility in confined geometry are ratheruniversal and shared by polymer mixtures as well as small molecules, but the unmixing transition in the bulk and the wetting transition are typically well separated in polymer blends. The interplay between wetting and miscibility of a symmetric polymer mixture via large-scale Monte Carlo simulations in the framework of the bond fluctuation model and via numerical self–consistent field calculations is studied. The film surfaces interact with the monomers via short ranged potentials, and the wetting transition of the semi–infinite system is of first order. It can be accurately located in the simulations by measuring the surface and interface tensions and using Young’s equation. If both surfaces in a film attract the same component, capillary condensation occurs and the critical point is close to the critical point of the bulk. If surfaces attract different components, an interface localization/delocalization occurs which gives rise to phase diagrams with two critical points in the vicinity of the pre-wetting critical point of the semi–infinite system. The crossover between these two types of phase diagrams as a function of the surface field asymmetry is studied. The dependence of the phase diagram on the film thickness Δ for antisymmetric surface fields is investigated. Upon decreasing the film thickness, the two critical points approach the symmetry axis of the phase diagram, and below a certain thickness Δ_tri, there remains only a single critical point at the symmetric composition. This corresponds to a second-order interface localization/delocalization transition even though the wetting transition is of first order. At a specific film thickness, Δ_tri, tricritical behavior is found. The behavior of antisymmetric films is compared with the phase behavior in an antisymmetric double wedge. While the former is the analog of the wetting transition of a planar surface, the latter is related to the filling behavior of a single wedge. Evidence for a second-order interface localization/delocalization transition in an antisymmetric double wedge is presented, and its unconventional critical behavior is related to the predictions of Parry et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett. 83:5535 (1999)) for wedge filling. The critical behavior differs from the Ising universality class and is characterized by strong anisotropic fluctuations.Invited paper presented at the Fifteenth Symposium on Thermophysical Properties, June 022–27, 2003, Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A.     

人工神经网络的发展及其应用

介绍人工神经网络的发展历史、主要模型、原理及其在各个领域中的应用。     

高等教育本质三阶段论:基于耗散结构理论的分析

Matin Trow提出的高等教育发展“本质三阶段论”,已在世界教育界获得广泛认同,也正在成为我国高等教育发展的主流思想.本文针对这一具有世界普适性的高等教育发展模式理论,以耗散结构理论的视角和原理进行了系统地解读和分析.     

Review of The Robot's Rebellion: Finding Meaning in the Age of Darwin.

Review of book The Robot's Rebellion: Finding Meaning in the Age of Darwin by Keith E. Stanovich (see record 2004-95228-000). In his interesting scholarly book, The Robot's Rebellion, Stanovich leads us on a journey to find meaning in a world populated by mortal biological vehicles, the robots, put on earth to replicate their masters' selfish genes. If the genes do a satisfactory job programming the robots, then the genes replicate in perpetuity and are, therefore, immortal. Stanovich's basic assumptions are: a) vehicles are designed to replicate genes; b) at least in human animals, the brain houses two minds; c) the first mind, System 1 or The Autonomous Set of Systems, evolved much earlier in evolutionary history than did the second mind, System 2 or the Analytic System; d) System 1 is associative, parallel, fast to respond, and designed to automatically serve its genetic master; e) System 2 is rule-based, serial, slow to respond, not aware of System 1 functioning but sometimes privy to System 1 output, controls executive functioning, and is capable of self-evaluation and leading the rebellion against its genetic master; and, f) memes, culturally generated ideas passed on by nongenetic means, can sometimes be as effective as System 1 at squashing the rebellion. These assumptions are derived from work in cognitive science and evolutionary biology, and provide a solid foundation for the book. Both the metaphor and the basic assumptions are embedded in detailed and informative reviews of decision theory, evolutionary psychology, memetic theory, rational philosophy, and utility theory. The interweaving of metaphor and review provides a framework that allows Stanovich to make inferences to help the general reader understand "the implications of modern science" (p. xi). He also develops criteria to evaluate memes that are needed in his quest to find meaning in human existence. In combination with the basic assumptions, these criteria are used to create an ethical ideology that will be embraced by some readers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)