Reversal response sets and the nature of person perception.

80 Ss, run individually, were required to make dichotomous trait judgments of previously scaled facial photographs on 3 different dimensions. The Experimental group was trained to make judgments which were the reverse of the norm value of each picture, thereby producing a reversal response set, while the Control group was trained to make norm consistent judgments. Only Ss manifesting awareness of the reinforcement contingency manifested learning. The results were taken as consistent with a mediational view of the perceptual process, and a new concept, a dispositional response, which has the capacity to operate on S-R probabilities at some point in the mediational process, was introduced to account for the present findings as well as others in perception demonstrating the influence of needs, attitudes, and emotions on perception. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Food preferences as an index or orality.

A self-report questionnaire dealing with food preferences (Food Preference Inventory—FPI) was proposed as a measure of Ss' contemporaneous position in respect to oral-passive vs. oral-sadistic involvement. The measure was pretested and through an item analysis found to be internally consistent enough to be utilized. The questionnaire was expanded and retested on new Ss to guarantee its stability and to increase its discriminatory potential. Finally it was subjected to validation by contrasting the scores of a group of Ss thought to be high on oral passivity (alcoholics) vs. a normal control group and by correlating it with their orality trait scores. The FPI was found to be fairly reliable and yielded data in agreement with the 2 validation predictions. It was concluded that food preferences as measured by the inventory offer a valid means of assessing an individual's position in regard to orality. (19 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A constant error approach to the study of dimensions of social perception.

"A method was described for use in the study of dimensions of social perception which consisted of the factor analysis of intercorrelations between trait judgments of photographs where each judgment was made of a different stimulus." 4 factors were isolated, and the findings were related to other research on social perception and personality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

不同基因型和环境影响小麦主要品质的研究

选用参加山东省2005~2006年小麦高肥组区域试验的11个小麦品种(系),研究了不同品种(系)的硬度、容重、粗脂肪含量、蛋白质含量、沉淀值、湿面筋含量、粗淀粉含量、黏度、稳定时间、W值、P/L值和小麦粉白度等小麦主要品质性状在9个地区不同生态环境条件下的遗传变异。结果表明,所有性状均受基因型、环境及其互作的影响,且影响排序为基因型(环境(两者互作(除容重外);所有品种的绝大多数性状表现出显著的差异(P0.05);所有地区的绝大多数性状表现出显著的差异(P0.05);不同品种在不同地区的稳定性不同,DH5197的稳定性较好、泰山098的稳定性较差。     

Detection of quantitative trait loci affecting the milk fatty acid profile on sheep chromosome 22: Role of the stearoyl-CoA desaturase gene in Spanish Churra sheep

Sheep milk fat contains several components that may provide human health benefits, such as monounsaturated fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Most of the CLA in ruminant milk is synthesized in the mammary gland by the action of the enzyme stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) on circulating vaccenic acid (trans-11 C18:2; VA). Previous studies have found significant associations between polymorphisms in the SCD gene and the fatty acid composition of ruminant products, including sheep milk. Based on this, we performed a quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of an ovine chromosome (22) that harbors the SCD gene for effects on milk fatty acid composition traits and classical milk production traits. We identified a suggestive QTL influencing the CLA/VA ratio with the maximum statistic at position 26 cM of the studied chromosome, whereas the SCD gene has been mapped to position 41.6 cM. The individual introduction of 4 SCD single nucleotide polymorphisms in the QTL model did not cause a reduction of the variance explained by the QTL, which suggests that the SCD gene is not directly responsible for the detected effect in the Churra population studied herein. This conclusion was supported by the lack of any significant association identified between the 4 SCD single nucleotide polymorphisms and the CLA/VA ratio. This association analysis suggested a possible effect of the SCD gene on milk fat percentage in Churra sheep. An independent confirmation of these primary results will be required before attempting its practical implementation in selection programs.     

1000MW超超临界旋流燃烧锅炉稳燃特性数值模拟与优化

使用realizable k-双方程模型,对一台1 000 MW超超临界机组对冲旋流燃烧锅炉的燃烧过程进行数值模拟,研究燃烧器一、二次风口形状对燃烧器热态流场、温度场分布的影响,并考虑了NO的排放量,对燃烧器3个改进方案进行了比较。数值模拟结果表明,二次风扩口角度及轴向长度较大时,火焰形状短而宽,NO排放浓度较低,煤质较差时燃烧不稳定;二次风扩口角度减小及轴向长度缩短后,中心给粉与原始结构燃烧器燃烧稳定性均增强,同时,锅炉NO排放量有所增加。二次风扩口轴向长度减少1/2,可以有效增加燃烧稳定性,且NO排放量无明显增加,为最佳改进方案。并与改进后试验结果进行对比,获得比较一致的结果。为大容量旋流燃烧锅炉燃烧劣质煤的燃烧不稳定问题提供参考和依据,为HT-NR3燃烧器的设计和运行提供一定的理论基础。     

Across-family marker-assisted selection using selective genotyping strategies in dairy cattle breeding schemes

This study investigated the potential loss expected from marker-assisted selection (MAS) when only a proportion of animals are genotyped using several selective genotyping strategies. A population resembling a commercial dairy cattle population over 25 yr was simulated, and the most informative individuals for genotyping were identified among the potential breeding candidates (young bulls and bull-dams). Two strategies were used to identify the most informative animals. The first genotyping strategy was based on selecting individuals for genotyping with predicted total genetic effect [sum of the predicted quantitative trait locus (QTL) and polygenic effects] close to the truncation point for selection. The second strategy used an index that extended the previous strategy to include the variance due to segregation of the QTL in the parents. The 2 strategies for selective genotyping were applied at the 2 different genotyping levels and compared with random selection of candidates for genotyping and complete genotyping of the potential candidates. All selective genotyping strategies at the same proportion of genotyping showed similar cumulative genetic level. The frequency of the favorable QTL allele increased faster with more animals genotyped. Extra response in total genetic effect (polygenic and QTL) was not significantly different between genotyping all candidates (100%), 20%, and 50% genotyping (except for yr 13), but all MAS strategies resulted in significantly higher response than BLUP until yr 18. With 50% (20%) genotyping of candidates for selection within a population, 95% (89%) of maximum cumulative QTL response was achieved in yr 13. All MAS schemes resulted in a 19% decrease in the rate of inbreeding compared with the BLUP scheme. Therefore, it is possible to use selective genotyping in practical dairy cattle breeding and decrease the genotyping costs with a minimal loss of response compared with complete genotyping of the potential candidates.     

Detection and analysis of quantitative trait loci affecting production and secondary traits on chromosome 7 in Israeli Holsteins

A total of 5,459 Israeli Holstein cows, daughters of 11 sires, were genotyped for 29 microsatellites spanning chromosome 7 and analyzed by the daughter design for 9 economic traits: milk, fat, and protein yield, fat and protein percentage, somatic cell score, female fertility, herd life, and milk persistency. Quantitative trait loci at chromosome-wise 0.05 significance were obtained for fat and protein yield, fat percentage, somatic cell score, and female fertility. Peak F-values were obtained at 29 cM for fat and protein yield and fat percentage, at 60 cM for somatic cell score, at 74 cM for herd life, and at 11 cM for female fertility. The 0.95 confidence intervals for quantitative trait loci locations were 20 cM for kilograms of fat, 27 cM for fertility, and 51 cM for somatic cell score. Two loci affecting fertility at opposite ends of the chromosome are apparently segregating in the population. A quantitative trait locus for fertility near the centromere was confirmed by application of the modified granddaughter design to a single family. Estimated frequency of the economically favorable allele in the Israeli Holstein cattle was less than 0.5. Significant genetic gain for fertility seems possible by marker-assisted selection.     

Detection of quantitative trait loci in Danish Holstein cattle affecting clinical mastitis, somatic cell score, udder conformation traits, and assessment of associated effects on milk yield

The aim of this study was to 1) detect QTL across the cattle genome that influence the incidence of clinical mastitis and somatic cell score (SCS) in Danish Holsteins, and 2) characterize these QTL for pleiotropy versus multiple linked quantitative trait loci (QTL) when chromosomal regions affecting clinical mastitis were also affecting other traits in the Danish udder health index or milk production traits. The chromosomes were scanned using a granddaughter design where markers were typed for 19 to 34 grandsire families and 1,373 to 2,042 sons. A total of 356 microsatellites covering all 29 autosomes were used in the scan. Among the across-family regression analyses, 16 showed chromosome-wide significance for the primary traits incidence of clinical mastitis in first (CM1), second (CM2), and third (CM3) lactations, and SCS. Regions of chromosomes 5, 6, 9, 11, 15, and 26 were found to affect CM and regions of chromosomes 5, 6, 8, 13, 22, 23, 24, and 25 affected SCS. Markers on chromosomes 6, 11, 15, and 26 can be used to perform marker-assisted selection on CM without a direct negative selection on milk yield, because no effects were detected on the milk traits. Comparing multi-trait models assuming either a pleiotropic QTL affecting 2 traits or 2 QTL each affecting 1 trait gave some evidence to distinguish between these models. For Bos taurus autosome 5, the most likely models were a pleiotropic QTL affecting CM2, CM3, and SCS, and a linked QTL affecting fat yield index. For Bos taurus autosome 9, the most likely model is a pleiotropic QTL affecting CM1 and CM2 at approximately 8 cM.     

Invited review: Advances and applications of random regression models: From quantitative genetics to genomics

An important goal in animal breeding is to improve longitudinal traits; that is, traits recorded multiple times during an individual's lifetime or physiological cycle. Longitudinal traits were first genetically evaluated based on accumulated phenotypic expression, phenotypic expression at specific time points, or repeatability models. Until now, the genetic evaluation of longitudinal traits has mainly focused on using random regression models (RRM). Random regression models enable fitting random genetic and environmental effects over time, which results in higher accuracy of estimated breeding values compared with other statistical approaches. In addition, RRM provide insights about temporal variation of biological processes and the physiological implications underlying the studied traits. Despite the fact that genomic information has substantially contributed to increase the rates of genetic progress for a variety of economically important traits in several livestock species, less attention has been given to longitudinal traits in recent years. However, including genomic information to evaluate longitudinal traits using RRM is a feasible alternative to yield more accurate selection and culling decisions, because selection of young animals may be based on the complete pattern of the production curve with higher accuracy compared with the use of traditional parent average (i.e., without genomic information). Moreover, RRM can be used to estimate SNP effects over time in genome-wide association studies. Thus, by analyzing marker associations over time, regions with higher effects at specific points in time are more likely to be identified. Despite the advances in applications of RRM in genetic evaluations, more research is needed to successfully combine RRM and genomic information. Future research should provide a better understanding of the temporal variation of biological processes and their physiological implications underlying the longitudinal traits.