水合物利用技术应用进展

过去的几十年中,对于水合物的研究不单单集中在抑制天然气水合物的生成上,基于水合物的生成利用技术也得到了广泛的研究。基于水合物的生成利用技术是环保和可持续的新技术,利用不同气体生成水合物相平衡条件的差异,可用于气体分离、置换开采。由于水合物具有较高的气体浓度,可用于气体的存储。利用水合物较高的化解潜热,可将其用于蓄冷。本文综述了国内外水合物技术的研究应用现状,分析了水合物技术在气体分离与存储、溶液浓缩分离、蓄冷、二氧化碳（CO₂）置换开采等领域有前景的研究方向。但是其水合反应速率慢、生成压力高、后期分离困难,极大地限制了水合物利用技术的工业应用。展望了水合物技术未来的研究发展方向,开发安全、高效和环保的水合物促进剂,开发高效水合物反应设备,开发连续水合物工艺,以便早日实现工业应用。     

CH4/CO2 reforming over La2NiO4 and 10%NiO/CeO2–La2O3 catalysts under the condition of supersonic jet expansion via cavity ring-down spectroscopic analysis

CH₄/CO₂ reforming over La₂NiO₄ and 10%NiO/CeO₂–La₂O₃ catalysts under the condition of supersonic jet expansion was studied via direct monitoring of the reactants and products using the sensitive technique of cavity ring-down spectroscopy. Vibration–rotational absorption lines of CH₄, H₂O, CO₂ and CO molecules were recorded in the near infrared spectral region. Our results indicated that La₂NiO₄ is superior to 10%NiO/CeO₂–La₂O₃ in performance. In addition, we observed enhanced reverse-water-gas-shift reaction at augmented reaction temperature. The formation of reaction intermediates was also investigated by means of time-of-flight mass spectrometry and there was the detection of CH_x⁺, OH⁺ and H⁺ species.     

Separation of Methane and Carbon Dioxide Gas Mixtures Using Activated Carbon Modified with 2‐Methylimidazole

Activated carbon was modified by loading 2‐methylimidazole (mIm), ethanol, and glycol onto its surface and adopted to capture CO₂ using the absorption‐adsorption method. The modified activated carbon showed high selectivity for separating CH₄+CO₂ gas mixtures, compared with other methods to modify activated carbon given in the literature. The separation factor was 4.75 times higher than that for the fresh activated‐carbon system, and the separation performance of the activated carbon increased with increasing amount of mIm. The addition of glycol showed greater potential to enhance the selectivity of the activated carbon than ethanol. A recycling test verified the stability of the modified activated carbon for CH₄+CO₂ gas mixture separation.     

Mechanistic peculiarities of the N2O reduction by CH4 over Fe-silicalite

Transient isotopic studies in the temporal analysis of products (TAP) reactor evidenced the importance of the lifetime of oxygen species generated upon N₂O decomposition on extraframework iron sites of Fe-silicalite for methane oxidation at 723 K. Fe-silicalite effectively activates CH₄ when N₂O and CH₄ are pulsed together in the reactor. However, these oxygen species gradually become inactive for methane oxidation as the time delay between the N₂O and CH₄ pulses is increased from 0 to 2 s.     

Irradiation embrittlement monitoring of WWER-440/213 TYPE RPVs

In the paper the main goals and progress of the surveillance specimen programme for the RPVs WWER-440/213 in Jaslovské Bohunice V-2 and Mochovce NPPs are presented. At Jaslovské Bohunice V-2, the standard surveillance specimen programme (SSSP) was finished and so-called ‘Extended Surveillance Specimen Programme’ (ESSP) was prepared on the base of its critical analysis. For first two units of the Mochovce NPP completely new programmes of irradiation embrittlement monitoring called ‘Modern Surveillance Specimen Programme’ is prepared. It is based on the experience with SSSP and ESSP as well as the recommendations of IAEA experts. This programme will serve for Mochovce NPP during all planned service life. The experience of ESSP application on the 3rd and 4th units in Jaslovské Bohunice V-2 NPP are presented in the paper too.     

催化燃烧型甲烷传感器的研究

在分析传统催化燃烧型甲烷传感器的基础上，实验验证了催化燃烧原理，并设计了基于脉冲式恒温供电技术和闭环反馈系统的恒温检测桥路。通过实验得到了良好的效果。     

Sensing characterization of Sn/In/Ti nanocomplex oxides for CO,CH<Subscript>4</Subscript> and NO<Subscript>2</Subscript>

The nanocomplex oxides of Sn-In and Sn-In-Ti were prepared by controlled co-precipitation method as sensing materials of semiconductor gas sensors for detection of CO, CH4 and NO2. Through manipulating the Sn/In cation ratio, metal salt total concentration, precipitation pH value and aging time, the nanocrystalline powders were successfully derived with chemical homogeneity and superior thermal stability, compared with the single component oxides. The particle size and morphology, surface area, and thermal and phase stabilities were characterized using TEM, TG-DTA, BET and XRD. The sensing tests showed that the Sn-In composites exhibit high sensitivity and selectivity for CO and NO2. The introduction of TiO2 enhanced CH4 sensitivity and selectivity, particularly, additives of Pd and Al2O3 as a dopant and surface modification greatly enhanced the sensing properties. The sensitivity depended on the composition of composites, calcination temperature and operating temperature. The optimal values were (25%In2O3- 75%SnO2)-20%TiO2 for ternary composite, 600 and 300℃, respectively. Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) studies were employed to explain the gas adsorption behavior displayed by the surface of nanocomposites and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) analysis was used to confirm the electronic interactions existing between oxide components. The sensing mechanism of the nanocomposites was attributed to chemical and electronic synergistic effects.     

甲烷在硅(110)圆孔表面物理吸附特征的对比

基于第一性原理广义梯度近似的方法(GGA)对比研究了甲烷分子在多孔硅(110)不同位置分布的圆孔表面物理极化特征.计算结果表明:相邻孔的位置分布及其内部吸附的甲烷分子间的作用会影响甲烷在圆孔表面的吸附特征.吸附后甲烷的C-H键布局增加,C-H键长变化很小,圆孔表面硅原子的少量电子转移至甲烷,甲烷成键轨道的态密度的离域性增加.同时发现单个甲烷分子在竖直分布圆孔表面吸附时,甲烷吸附能较大而且系统的结构相对稳定.     

煤与天然气气流床共气化制合成气试验研究

为提高煤、天然气资源综合利用效率,优化合成气成分,进行了煤与天然气气流床共气化技术研究。介绍了煤与天然气气流床共气化的试验装置及工艺流程,考察了气化温度、压力、水煤浆浓度、CH4与煤比对共气化反应的影响。结果表明,气化温度和CH4与煤比是共气化反应的主要影响因素,较高的气化温度对共气化反应有利,气化温度为1 350℃时,共气化指标较好,有效气体积分数大于90%;随着CH4与煤比的增大,合成气n(H2)/n(CO)增高。CH4与煤比为0.9 m3/kg时,合成气中n(H2)/n(CO)约1.2。根据后续合成工艺要求,通过调节气化温度和CH4与煤比,可获得n(H2)/n(CO)在0.8~2.0的合成气。     

基于CH378嵌入式存储系统设计

随着军事工业飞速发展,高速数据存储设备成为导弹测试领域不可或缺的一部分。通过对导弹测试领域中现有数据存储设备研究发现当今存储系统存在传输速度低、存储容量小、可靠性差、数据易丢失、严重依赖PC机等缺点,首次提出以U盘作为存储介质用于某型号导弹参数测试领域,以最新的USB串口芯片CH378来设计读写U盘,并独特运用FPGA读写大容量的FLASH构成存储系统的数据缓存部分这一设计理念,最终以STM32F103VE单片机控制CH378将缓存数据写入U盘的设计方案;文中详细介绍了基于CH378的嵌入式存储系统软硬件设计,最后通过软件测试U盘存储速度并用信号发生器模拟传感器信号输出,对比U盘和FLASH中数据并对数据解码分析,验证系统达到高速可靠存储等设计要求。