An analysis of performance models for free water surface wetlands

Although treatment wetlands are intended to attenuate pollutants, reliably predicting their performance remains a challenge because removal processes are often complex, spatially heterogeneous, and incompletely understood. Although initially popular for characterizing wetland performance, plug flow reactor models are problematic because their parameters exhibit correlation with hydraulic loading. One-dimensional advective-dispersive-reactive models may also be inadequate when longitudinal dispersion is non-Fickian as a result of pronounced transverse gradients in velocity (preferential flow). Models that make use of residence time distributions have shown promise in improving wetland performance characterization, however their applicability may be limited by certain inherent assumptions, e.g. that transverse mixing is nil. A recently-developed bicontinuum (mobile-mobile) model that addresses some of these weaknesses may hold promise for improving wetland performance modeling, however this model has yet to be tested against real-world wetland data. This paper examines the state of the science of free water surface wetland hydrodynamics and transport modeling, discusses the strengths and weaknesses of various steady state models, and compares them to each other in terms of each model’s ability to represent data sets from monitored wetlands.     

D002强酸性离子交换树脂催化醇醛缩合生产甲缩醛的工艺模拟

基于连续搅拌反应器(CSTR),对D002离子交换树脂作催化剂反应合成甲缩醛的过程进行了模拟。在确定了参数的甲缩醛反应动力学模型的基础上,用Aspen Plus软件建立了CSTR流程。在甲醇进料流量为2kmol/h、甲醛进料流量为1kmol/h、水进料流量为4.44mol/h的条件下研究了催化剂用量、反应温度、反应器体积、反应器操作压力等因素对甲缩醛收率的影响。得到的优化工艺条件如下:催化剂质量分数为10%,反应温度为100℃,反应器体积为10m3,醇醛物质的量比为2:1,反应器操作压力为常压。采用优化的工艺参数后甲缩醛收率可达58.0%。     

串联CSTR的图解求法

介绍了如何根据（－rA）－xA关系进行串联CSTR的图解法计算,该法简单、应用面广。     

基于神经网络的容错控制方法在CSTR中的应用研究

针对一个连续搅拌釜式反应器,将容错控制(FTC)与故障诊断(FDD)方法相结合,提出了一种关于传感器故障的容错控制方法。用RBF神经网络建立传感器故障模型,对系统的状态和故障参数进行在线估计,将故障参数与修正的Bayes分类算法相结合,进行传感器故障的在线检测、分离和估计。当传感器发生故障时,认为是系统处于不同的工作模式,利用估计出的状态值在线训练神经网络控制器的参数,使网络适应系统新的(故障)状态,维持系统性能。仿真结果表明,方法具有很强的关于传感器故障的容错能力。     

Cryptosporidium Log-inactivation with Ozone Using Effluent CT10, Geometric Mean CT10, Extended Integrated CT10 and Extended CSTR Calculations

The draft Long-Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2ESWTR) contains Cryptosporidium log-inactivation CT tables (ozone-in-water concentration [residual], “C” times contact time, T). Depending on water temperature, Cryptosporidium CT values that are listed are 15 to 25 times greater than CT values for equivalent Giardia log-inactivation credit. The elevated operating dose required for Cryptosporidium log-inactivation credit has the potential to increase disinfection by-product (DBP) formation (e.g., bromate). Calculating CT value accurately will minimize ozone dose, which will decrease operating cost and lower DBP formation, and at the same time maintain disinfection protection through implementation of scientifically based safety factors. Various methods are available for calculating CT value. The method chosen depends largely on the available information concerning ozone residual characteristics and hydrodynamic features of the ozone contactor, plus local regulatory requirements. Four methods are discussed in this paper. Each method can be used to calculate Giardia, virus, and Cryptosporidium log-inactivation credit.     

活性污泥的连续流发酵产氢实验研究

采用好氧活性污泥为种泥,以连续流搅拌槽式反应器(CSTR)作为发酵生物制氢反应装置,对发酵法生物制氢系统的启动和运行进行了实验研究。反应器有效容积为10L,接种污泥取自哈尔滨啤酒厂有机废水好氧生物处理系统的二沉池。反应器在污泥接种量为6.09 g·L~(-1),进水有机物浓度2000 mg COD·L~(-1),pH 5～7,HRT 8 h和(35±1)℃的条件下启动,运行27 d后达到稳定的乙醇型发酵状态,最高产气速率和产氢速率分别达到10.1 L·d~(-1)和5.8 L·d~(-1)。在进水有机物浓度提高到4000 mg COD·L~(-1),其他控制条件不变的情况下,系统可在3 d内重新达到新的平衡,最高产气速率和产氢速率分别达到20.7 L·d~(-1)和10.8 L·d~(-1),而氢气含量和发酵类型未发生改变。     

不同厌氧方式对连续流亚硝化恢复的影响

为探究不同厌氧运行方式对亚硝化恢复的影响,在常温(20±2)℃下,采用两组两级连续搅拌反应器(CSTR)1#和2#,实验分为S1、S2和S3三个阶段.在S1阶段1#采用厌氧/厌氧运行(两级DO均为0~0.1 mg/L),2#采用厌氧/好氧运行(两级DO分别为0~0.1和0.6~0.8 mg/L);在S2阶段1#转变为好氧/好氧运行(两级DO分别为0.2~0.4和0.6~0.8 mg/L),2#保持厌氧/好氧不变(两级DO分别为0~0.1和0.6~0.8 mg/L);在S3阶段,研究恢复后亚硝化的稳定性,此时1#、2#两级DO均为1.0~1.2 mg/L.分别对此过程中亚硝化的恢复时间以及恢复后稳定性进行比较.结果表明,1#的恢复时间比2#缩短了12 d,但当溶解氧增加到1.0~1.2 mg/L时,2#恢复后的亚硝化更稳定.先厌氧/厌氧(两级DO均为0~0.1 mg/L)后好氧/好氧运行(两级DO分别为0.2~0.4和0.6~0.8 mg/L),有利于亚硝化的快速恢复,恢复后转变为厌氧/好氧运行(两级DO分别为0~0.1和0.6~0.8 mg/L)有助于亚硝化的长期稳定运行.     

CSTR和ACR丁酸型发酵制氢系统的运行特性比较

为寻求更好的连续流发酵生物制氢反应器模式,以稀释糖蜜为底物,控制反应系统为丁酸型发酵,比较研究了搅拌槽式反应器（CSTR）和厌氧接触式反应器（ACR）的启动运行特性。结果表明,以经曝气培养的下水道污泥为接种物,在接种量4.8 g MLVSS·L^-1、进水COD 5000 mg·L^-1、HRT 12 h、温度（35±1）℃和pH 5.5～6.0等相同条件下,CSTR系统可以更快地达到稳定的丁酸型发酵状态,而ACR系统因其有效的生物持有能力而在产氢性能方面更具优势。在稳定运行状态下,ACR系统的底物酸化率、产氢速率和污泥的比产氢速率分别为44%、9 L·d^-1和0.15 L·(g MLVSS·d)^-1,分别是CSTR系统的1.62、2.05和1.15倍。     

基于Takagi-Sugeno模糊双线性模型的连续搅拌反应釜H∞控制

本文研究了一类连续搅拌反应釜(CSTR)系统的H1控制问题. 系统中的非线性动态特性可采用Takagi-Sugeno(T-S)模糊双线性模型进行描述. 通过引入两个自由矩阵, 给出一个新的保证闭环模糊双线性系统在H1性能指标下全局渐近稳定的充分条件和控制器设计方法, 并且该条件最终可归结为求解一组线性矩阵不等式的可行性问题. CSTR系统的仿真结果表明设计方法的有效性.     

浆态相费托合成多级串联CSTR的数学模拟

本文应用数学模拟方法,探讨了多级串联 CSTR 在浆态相 FT 合成工艺中使用的可性能。模拟计算的结果得到了 Rheinpreussen—Koppers 示范厂的实验数据的支持。此外,通过若干参数对反应器性能影响的考察,以及不同流动模型计算结果的比较表明,采用简单易算的多级串联CSTR 模型,只要合理选择反应器级数,可以不同程度地模拟鼓泡塔浆液反应器的性能。