THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR AND CHAOS FOR TWO PARALLEL REACTIONS IN A CONTINUOUS STIRRED TANK REACTOR

The dynamical behavior for two parallel reactions in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) is considered. The global maximum number of steady states is five. Stability conditions are obtained. When the steady state is unique and unstable, a circulating attractor is proven to exist. The orbit structure is numerically found to consist of periodic orbits and chaotic behavior.     

Continuous biohydrogen production in immobilized biofilm system versus suspended cell culture

In this study, the performance of a new cell immobilization material, namely ceramic ball, was examined for continuous biohydrogen production in comparison to suspended cell culture system (CSTR). Production of biohydrogen in both systems was assessed under thermophilic conditions. Both systems were operated at varying hydraulic retention times (HRT) by shortening HRT values from 24 to 1.5 h at an influent sucrose concentration of 10 g/l. The immobilized bioreactor configuration outcompeted the CSTR bioreactor in terms of both volumetric hydrogen production (2.7 l H₂/l/day for immobilized system @ HRT = 3 h and 0.5 l H₂/l/day for CSTR @ HRT = 24 h) and resistance to cell-washout (CSTR reactor lost significant amount of biomass at short HRT values). It was concluded that immobilized bioreactor configuration is much more robust than CSTR against high organic loading rates and 5 fold more volumetric hydrogen production was achieved in 8 fold smaller immobilized bioreactor.     

An integrated system for hydrogen and methane production during landfill leachate treatment

The patent-pending integrated waste-to-energy system comprises both a novel biohydrogen reactor with a gravity settler (Biohydrogenator), followed by a second stage conventional anaerobic digester for the production of methane gas. This chemical-free process has been tested with a synthetic wastewater/leachate solution, and was operated at 37 °C for 45 d. The biohydrogenator (system (A), stage 1) steadily produced hydrogen with no methane during the experimental period. The maximum hydrogen yield was 400 mL H₂/g glucose with an average of 345 mL H₂/g glucose, as compared to 141 and 118 mL H₂/g glucose for two consecutive runs done in parallel using a conventional continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR, System (B)). Decoupling of the solids retention time (SRT) from the hydraulic retention time (HRT) using the gravity settler showed a marked improvement in performance, with the maximum and average hydrogen production rates in system (A) of 22 and 19 L H₂/d, as compared with 2–7 L H₂/d in the CSTR resulting in a maximum yield of 2.8 mol H₂/mol glucose much higher than the 1.1–1.3 mol H₂/mol glucose observed in the CSTR. Furthermore, while the CSTR collapsed in 10–15 d due to biomass washout, the biohydrogenator continued stable operation for the 45 d reported here and beyond. The methane yield for the second stage in system (A) approached a maximum value of 426 mL CH₄/gCOD removed, while an overall chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency of 94% was achieved in system (A).     

基于PSO优化RBF神经网络的反应釜故障诊断

针对单一径向基函数(RBF)神经网络在反应釜故障诊断中泛化能力不足的缺点,设计了基于粒子群(PSO)算法优化的RBF神经网络。利用PSO算法操作简单、容易实现等特点及其智能背景,对RBF神经网络的参数、连接权重进行优化,并用经PSO算法优化的RBF神经网络对反应釜故障进行仿真诊断。仿真诊断结果表明,PSO算法优化的RBF神经网络具有较好的分类效果,较RBF诊断模型精度高、收敛快,具有推广应用价值。     

An analysis of performance models for free water surface wetlands

Although treatment wetlands are intended to attenuate pollutants, reliably predicting their performance remains a challenge because removal processes are often complex, spatially heterogeneous, and incompletely understood. Although initially popular for characterizing wetland performance, plug flow reactor models are problematic because their parameters exhibit correlation with hydraulic loading. One-dimensional advective-dispersive-reactive models may also be inadequate when longitudinal dispersion is non-Fickian as a result of pronounced transverse gradients in velocity (preferential flow). Models that make use of residence time distributions have shown promise in improving wetland performance characterization, however their applicability may be limited by certain inherent assumptions, e.g. that transverse mixing is nil. A recently-developed bicontinuum (mobile-mobile) model that addresses some of these weaknesses may hold promise for improving wetland performance modeling, however this model has yet to be tested against real-world wetland data. This paper examines the state of the science of free water surface wetland hydrodynamics and transport modeling, discusses the strengths and weaknesses of various steady state models, and compares them to each other in terms of each model’s ability to represent data sets from monitored wetlands.     

Treatment of landfill leachate by Fenton's reagent in a continuous stirred tank reactor

The treatment of landfill leachate by Fenton process was carried out in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). The effect of operating conditions such as reaction time, hydraulic retention time, pH, H(2)O(2) to Fe(II) molar ratio, Fenton's reagent dosage, initial COD strength, and temperature on the efficacy of Fenton process was investigated. It is demonstrated that Fenton's reagent can effectively degrade leachate organics. Fenton process reached the steady state after three times of hydraulic retention. The oxidation of organic materials in the leachate was pH dependent and the optimal pH was 2.5. The favorable H(2)O(2) to Fe(II) molar ratio was 3, and organic removal increased as dosage increased at the favorable H(2)O(2) to Fe(II) molar ratio. Temperature gave a positive effect on organic removal.     

基于微粒群优化的模型参考自适应控制

针对复杂非线性对象提出了一种基于微粒群优化(PSO)的PID自适应控制方法.通过运用PSO算法对PID控制器参数进行在线调整,使模型参考自适应控制达到理想的控制效果.将该方法引入到连续搅拌反应釜这一复杂的非线性系统,仿真结果表明了该方法的良好性能.     

AN EXOTHERMIC CONTINUOUS STIRRED TANK REACTOR IS FEEDBACK EQUIVALENT TO A LINEAR SYSTEM

This brief paper demonstrates the concept of linear feedback equivalence for an exothermic eontinu-ous stirred tank reactor with first order kinetics. Feedback control is achieved by finding a transformation for the nonlinear system which carries this system into a linear controllable system in Brunovsky canonical form. A linear state feedback controller is then designed which achieves control over a broad range of operating conditions. This example demonstrates how recent developments in nonlinear control theory can be applied to chemical systems without relying on the usual methods of local linearization.     

THE EFFECT OF MACROMIXING ON OSCILLATORY BEHAVIOR IN RECOMBINANT FERMENTATION IN A CONTINUOUS STIRRED TANK REACTOR

A general model is presented for recombinant fermentation in a chemostat in which micromixing may be imperfect. Using the production of tryptophan synthetase as an example and the dilution rate, D, as the bifurcation parameter, conditions are first derived for Hopf bifurcation in a perfectly mixed chemostat. The bifurcation surfaces in three-dimensional space are such that oscillatory solutions exist above the surfaces and washout conditions below. A similar analysis is done for imperfect mixing. The bifurcation region is a concave hyperboloid in the [D,f, n]-space, where f and n ; are model parameters. It is argued that poor macromixing reduces the range of D over which bifurcation to periodic solutions is possible.