Mindlessness and gaining compliance in Computer-Human Interaction

The computers are social actors (CASA) effect refers to the application of social rules when individuals interact with computers. Although the most plausible mechanism for CASA involves mindlessness, according to Langer, Blank, and Chanowitz’s (1978) original theorization, mindlessness stems from a motivational deficit during a compliance gaining interaction. Mindlessness occurs when individuals view their behavior as relatively unimportant or inconsequential. However, researchers often employ a cognitive deficit approach and examine the CASA effect as a perceptual rather than behavioral outcome. Moreover, previous findings suggest that computer agents may activate the norm of reciprocity to induce human compliance (Fogg & Nass, 1997). To test the mechanism of mindlessness and address possible methodological artifacts from past work on Computer–Human reciprocity, an experiment employing a 3 (request type: direct, placebic, or sufficient) × 3 (request size: large, medium, or small) design tested alternative hypotheses based on the cognitive and motivational explanations. The data are consistent the motivational hypothesis. In contrast to previous findings from Fogg and Nass, neither obligation, liking, nor mood correlated with compliance. The findings offer several directions for future work.     

Inferences About Avatars: Sexism,Appropriateness, Anthropomorphism,and the Objectification of Female Virtual Representations

This study integrated the computers as social actors (CASA) framework with objectification theory to predict that traits, such as sexism, influence perceptions of virtual representations as well as attributions of the source and message. Participants (N = 397) received a message about dating or job interviews presented by a virtual woman in either context‐appropriate or context‐inappropriate dress. Causal modeling techniques revealed that participants higher on sexism rated the representations as less human (i.e., less anthropomorphic) and less credible. Further, perceived appropriateness of clothing and anthropomorphism influenced perceptions of source trust and message clarity. Implications for understanding the role of trait variables such as sexism on perceptions of virtual representations are discussed.     

Preference for textual information and acting on support devices in multiple representations in a computer based learning environment for statistics

Two studies researched the relevance for knowledge construction in statistics of learners preference for representational system and the mediating role of learners acting with information delivered in textual, graphical and mathematical-symbolic mode.     

厚壁管道焊机计算机软件的研制

对计算机控制的厚壁管焊机从主机数据管理系统，主机数据操作系统、计算机间的通讯等几方面介绍了计算机软件研制特点，其研究成果对厚壁全位置焊机软件开发国产化具有重要的指导意义。     

Die Architektur der Rechenmaschinen Z1 und Z3 von Konrad Zuse

Eingegangen am 21.05.1996, in überarbeiteter Form am 22.10.1996     

Computer use among older adults in a naturally occurring retirement community

Though computers and the Internet offer an opportunity to enhance the lives of older adults, rates of computer use among older adults are low relative to other age groups. This study examined patterns of computer use and barriers to use among 324 residents living in a suburban naturally occurring retirement community (NORC). One-third (36%) of the residents were actively using computers. Residents currently using computers were more likely to be younger, with more education, fewer functional impairments, and greater social resources. Results from a multidimensional scaling analysis suggested that common uses fell along two dimensions: a solitary–social dimension and an obligatory–discretionary dimension. Barriers to more frequent use included cost, complexity, ergonomic impediments, and a lack of interest. Results from this study could inform the development of services by taking into account how older adults prefer to use computers and their perceptions of the technology. We include practical recommendations for program developers.     

从欧洲各国关于计算机的生态标签要求比较来探讨ErP认证的发展趋势

该文对目前欧洲各国开展的关于计算机生态标签认证进行了比较,从中对可能开展的ErP认证的可行性、认证的存在问题及发展趋势进行了深入浅出的阐述,以期对相关企业应对即将进行的认证提供思考和借鉴.     

School children's attitudes towards computers as a function of gender, course subjects and availability of home computers

Abstract The attitudes of 328 British Secondary School children towards computers were examined in a cross-sectional survey. Measures of both general attitudes towards computers and affective reactions towards working with computers were examined in relation to the sex of the subject, courses studied (computer related/noncomputer related) and availability of a home computer. A differential pattern of results was observed. With respect to general attitudes towards computers, main effects were found for all three independent variables indicating that more favourable attitudes increased as a function of being male, doing computer courses and having a home computer. In contrast to this, affective reactions to working with computers was primarily related to doing computer courses, such that those doing computer courses reported more positive and less negative reactions. The practical and theoretical implications of these results are discussed.     

The use of problem solving skills in computer-aided instruction: an evaluation

Abstract When computer programs are designed to elicit problem solving skills by the user, this basic premise should be tested in an objective manner. The Health and Fitness Assessment program was evaluated as an interactive program with a substantial emphasis on the problem solving process. A method of analysis known as protocol analysis was used to demonstrate that 72% of the interpretive statements made by users verified the use of higher level mental functions to interact with the computer. Other evaluative data aided in improving the design of the program.     

阀类零件三维图形的绘制、拼接和组合

提出应用 3DMAX和AutoCAD建立机械零件常用结构图库。介绍了应用这两个软件进行阀类零件三维图形绘制、拼接与组合的基本技巧。