The Effect of Polymer Optoelectronic Properties on the Performance of Multilayer Hybrid Polymer/TiO2 Solar Cells

We report a study of the effects of polymer optoelectronic properties on the performance of photovoltaic devices consisting of nanocrystalline TiO₂ and a conjugated polymer. Three different poly(2‐methoxy‐5‐(2′‐ethylhexoxy)‐1,4‐phenylenevinylene) (MEH‐PPV)‐based polymers and a fluorene–bithiophene copolymer are compared. We use photoluminescence quenching, time‐of‐flight mobility measurements, and optical spectroscopy to characterize the exciton‐transport, charge‐transport, and light‐harvesting properties, respectively, of the polymers, and correlate these material properties with photovoltaic‐device performance. We find that photocurrent is primarily limited by the photogeneration rate and by the quality of the interfaces, rather than by hole transport in the polymer. We have also studied the photovoltaic performance of these TiO₂/polymer devices as a function of the fabrication route and device design. Including a dip‐coating step before spin‐coating the polymer leads to excellent polymer penetration into highly structured TiO₂ networks, as was confirmed through transient optical measurements of the photoinduced charge‐transfer yield and recombination kinetics. Device performance is further improved for all material combinations studied, by introducing a layer of poly(ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) doped with poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PSS) under the top contact. Optimized devices incorporating the additional dip‐coated and PEDOT:PSS layers produced a short‐circuit current density of about 1 mA cm^–2, a fill factor of 0.50, and an open‐circuit voltage of 0.86 V under simulated AM 1.5 illumination (100 mW cm^–2, 1 sun). The corresponding power conversion efficiency under 1 sun was ≥ 0.4 %.     

Head-to-head polymers: 33. Bromination of cis-1,4-polybutadiene to head-to-head poly(vinyl bromide)

Cis-1,4-polybutadiene (PB) in a 0.5% solution of a solvent mixture of dichloromethane and 1,2-dibromoethane or tetrahydrofuran was quantitatively brominated with elemental bromine at 0°C under careful exclusion of oxygen to head-to-head poly(vinyl bromide). Partially brominated PB has a structure of random or block sequences of butadiene units in the polymer depending on the bromination solvent but shows no stereospecificity in the CHBrCHBr-dyads. Partially brominated PB with block structure showed a microphase-separated morphology over a wide range of composition. Microphase separation is less pronounced for the more random structure of butadiene units. I.r and ¹³C n.m.r. spectroscopy of the partially brominated PB was used to follow the progress of the bromination.     

Melting and crystallization behaviour of elastoplastic semicrystalline copolymers: poly(ether ester)

The melting and crystallization behaviour of an elastoplastic semi-crystalline poly(etherester) has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The shape of the melting endotherm is strongly dependent on heating rate and annealing time and results from the sum of simultaneous melting and crystallization phenomena. Samples prepared by different techniques, i.e. by solvent evaporation or by melt extrusion, behave very differently owing to specific crystal morphologies. By applying the Hoffman-Weeks plot, the equilibrium melting temperature has been extrapolated. The Avrami treatment allows the calculation of the index n and of the rate constant K from the isothermal kinetic data.     

Tree-shaped flow structures designed by minimizing path lengths

This paper outlines a direct route to the construction of effective tree-shaped flow structures. Dendritic flow structures dominate the design of natural and engineered flow systems, especially in thermal and fluid systems. The starting point is the optimization of the shape of each elemental area or volume, such that the length of the flow path housed by the element is minimized. Proceeding toward larger and more complex structures - from elements, to first constructs, second constructs, etc. - the paper develops tree-shaped flow structures between one point and a straight line, one point and a plane, a circle and its center, and a point and many points distributed uniformly over an area. In the latter, the construction method is applied to a fluid flow configuration with laminar fully developed flow. The constructions reveal several features that are supported by empirical observations of natural tree-shaped flows: asymmetry, flow rate imbalance, pairing or bifurcation, angles between branches, and Y-shaped constructs that lie in a plane. It is shown that these basic features are necessary because of “packing”, i.e., assembling optimized elements into a fixed space, and filling the space completely. For the flow between an area and one point, the best elemental shape is the regular hexagon. It is shown that the emergence of string-shaped links that connect two or more elements are necessary features, which are also required by packing. Strings cover some of the inner zones of the tree network, particularly the inner zones of large and complex trees. Dichotomous Y-shaped constructs dominate the tree structure, especially the peripheral zones of the tree canopy. The practical importance of the simplified design method is discussed.     

改进的用于半导体器件综合系统的遗传算法

本文对应用于器件综合系统的遗传算法GENOCOP进行了改进.将实数设计空间根据参数的工艺精度影响转换为整型空间,并加入适应性复合算子利用已经得到的点来扩展和开发准可行空间.使其保持有效搜索到可行解的特性的同时,在同等的算法设置下,提高了对可行空间的覆盖率(约2.87倍),可以帮助设计人员更有效的设计可工作的器件.     

HAT循环构成热电冷三联产总能系统的可行性分析

对国内外在提高能源利用率方面的研究现状和发展趋势进行了综述，在前人研究的基础上提出以湿空气透平湿空气透平（HAT）循环构成热、电、冷三联产总能系统的能量利用形式，详细分析了构成该系统的相关技术、可行性及需要加以解决的几个问题。     

平纹织物复合材料的弹性模量预测

利用细观力学的代表体积元(RVE)法,预测了平纹织物复合材料的弹性模量。建立了表征RVE形态的数学模型,分析了细观结构与宏观性能之间的关系,编制了从组分材料的弹性性能推测复合材料的弹性性能的预测程序。对理论预测进行了实验验证,理论值与实测值在一定误差范围内能较好吻合,说明此预测方法具有一定的可靠性。     

PLC在葛洲坝大江电厂机组辅助设备控制中的应用

PLC(可编程控制器)在机械工业和电力生产等部门应用广泛。在电力生产部门主要用于集中控制,已有较好的效果。介绍了PLC在葛洲坝水电厂机组辅助设备控制操作功能中的应用回顾及其展望。     

合成孔径雷达图像的恒虚警率目标检测

目的　对合成孔径雷达 (SAR)图像实施恒虚警率 (CFAR)目标检测 .方法　利用 K-Gamma和Weibull分布的杂波模型分别对海面和陆地的人造目标实施检测 ;同时 ,对不同杂波背景下 CFAR检测方法进行比较 .结果与结论　通过检测结果的比较 ,证实了 K-Gamma分布和 Weibull分布分别适合于海面和陆地杂波背景下的目标检测 ;在非均匀杂波背景中 ,有序统计量 (OS)较单元平均 (CA)方法具有优越性     

手势语言识别的神经网络方法

提供了一种用于人机交互（HCI）的手势语言可视化识别方法。该方法包括用于几种控制命令的手势的探测、分割、特征提取及识别，第一步的处理都用到了神经网络方法，像肤色探测、主元分析（PCA）以及在编码识别。实验结果显示正确识别率高达94％。