Critical temperature for production of MAG by esterification of different FA with glycerol using <Emphasis Type="Italic">Penicillium camembertii</Emphasis> lipase

Production of MAG by a lipase-catalyzed reaction is known to be effective at low temperature. This phenomenon can be explained by assuming that synthesized MAG are excluded from the reaction system because MAG, which have low m.p., are solidified at low temperatures. Consequently, MAG are efficiently accumulated and do not serve as the precursor of DAG. If this hypothesis is correct, the critical temperature for MAG production, defined as the highest temperature at which DAG synthesis is repressed, should depend on the m.p. of the MAG. Esterification of FFA with glycerol using Candida rugosa, Rhizopus oryzae, and Penicillium camembertii lipases produced MAG efficiently at low temperatures. However, Candida lipase showed very low esterification activity at high temperatures (>20°C), and Rhizopus lipase produced not only MAG but also DAG even at low temperatures. Meanwhile, P. camembertii lipase catalyzed synthesis of MAG only from FFA and glycerol at low temperatures, although the enzyme catalyzed synthesis of DAG from MAG in addition to synthesis of MAG at high temperatures. We thus studied the effect of temperature on esterification of C₁₀−C₁₈ FFA with glycerol using Penicillium lipase as a catalyst and determined the critical temperatures for production of MAG. The critical temperature for production of each MAG showed a linear correlation with m.p. of the MAG, which supported the hypothesis. In addition, because the m.p. of MAG are estimated from that of the constituent FA, the optimal temperature for production of MAG can be predicted from the m.p. of the FFA used as a substrate.     

淤浆鼓泡床中固体粒子的悬浮特性

研究了三相鼓泡床中的临界固含率,以空气作气相,水、乙醇-水、丙酮-水、萜松醇-二甲苯作液相,石英砂、煤、雷奈镍作为固相。分析了鼓泡柱的高径比、气体速度、固体粒子的大小和比重、液体的粘度对临界固含率的影响,提出了含有这些参数的无因次数群的关联式,讨论了本文提出的关联式和文献报导的差别。     

基于分布相似度迁移的关键路由设备检测

在基础设施网络(如电力网、互联网等)设施中,往往会出现关键节点,主要表现为节点流量大、在网络中位置关键等,其性能不稳定将制约网络部分区域的功能。因此从提高关键基础设施的性能和安全性的角度出发,针对关键基础设施的检测成为一个重要的研究课题。提出了一种新颖的基于分布相似度迁移的互联网关键路由设备的检测算法,其目的是自动地检测当前互联网线路中的关键路由设备。在真实环境中,不同线路中不同路由设备的行为特征由于若干客观因素(网络状态、路由设备性能等)导致其分布通常不相同。因此,所提方法主要基于路由之间的分布相似度迁移:首先在目标域(当前路由)中通过谱聚类方法自动判断出可疑的路由设备,然后通过提出的基于分布相似度迁移的分类器对上一步中检测出的可疑路由设备进行分类。在华为公司提供的真实数据集上进行的测试表明,所提方法能够有效发现线路中的关键路由设备,同时能够根据不同线路之间的分布相似度迁移来提高分类结果。     

分析计算思维与计算机方法

计算机思维与计算机方法论都有着自己的特点,可相互促进并互补。例如,计算机思维可以为计算机方法论提供参考依据,同时通过计算机方法论的学习、研究,更更好培养出计算机思维。两者各具优势,是值得相互学习的。本文分析了计算思维与方法论的相关概念,同时对两者关系进行简单阐述。     

Viscoelastic effects on the scratch resistance of polymers: relationship between mechanical properties and scratch properties at various temperatures

Scratch durability of polymer surfaces and coatings is becoming critical for the increasing use of these materials in new applications, replacing other materials with harder surfaces.

Scratch resistance of polymers has been the subject of numerous studies, which have led to specific definitions for plastic deformation characterization and fracture resistance during scratch testing. Viscoelastic and viscoplastic behavior during a scratch process have been related to dynamic mechanical properties that can be measured via dynamic nano-indentation testing. Yet, the understanding of the origin of the fracture process of a polymer during scratch remains approximate. Parameters like tip shape and size, scratch velocity and loading rate, applied strain and strain rates, have been considered critical parameters for the fracture process, but no correlation has been clearly established.

The goal of this work is to define and analyze scratch parameters that relate to mechanical properties. The evolution of scratch resistance parameters as a function of temperature and strain rate, compared to the evolution of dynamic mechanical properties obtained from indentation and uniaxial tensile tests over a range of temperature for poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) helped in identifying a correlation between the tensile stress–strain behavior and scratch fracture toughness.

This correlation brings a new understanding of the origin of the fracture mechanisms during a scratch process. In particular, it is demonstrated that the characteristic strain applied by the indenter is a most relevant parameter to describe the fracture resistance during a scratch process, independently of the indenter geometry.     

非战争军事行动装备保障若干问题研究

随着我军遂行非战争军事行动任务的增加,对装备保障的要求越来越高,非战争军事行动的研究进入了一个重要时期。我军对非战争军事行动装备保障的研究还处于起步阶段。介绍了非战争军事行动装备保障的特点、原则和要求,研究了非战争军事行动装备保障的运行机制,最后提出了关于问题的几点思考。     

基础素描课程“启发性教学”的研究

针对素描教学中存在的实际问题,通过素描色调训练、构成组合训练、绘画材料表现等3方面研究教学中的启发性素描的教学训练模式,使学生具备较好的绘画表现能力,提高学生的艺术感受能力．     

英语隐喻性词义的认知心理透视

从认知心理学视角探讨、分析英语隐喻性词义的认知和思维过程,揭示了隐喻对词义形成的影响,从而说明词的比喻意义是词汇原始意义的引申,是词语在原始意义基础上所进行的深层语义联想和推测.此外,用实例说明隐喻性词义是跨域映射的结果,相似性和类比思维起至关重要的作用.词的隐喻用法增强了语言表达的生动性和形象性.     

熔盐堆临界能谱与通量分布的仿真计算

研究熔盐反应堆在临界工况下的堆芯中子能量和中子通量分布.由于熔盐反应堆的几何结构与目前的热中子反应堆存在很大差异,导致热中子反应堆能谱的求解方法在对熔盐堆进行计算时存在几何处理上的困难.针对上述问题,提出采用具有任意几何处理能力的中子输运计算软件MCNP对熔盐堆堆芯结构进行建模,采用能量区间上的平均通量代替该区间内通量分布的方法,计算了两种熔盐堆在临界工况下的堆芯中子能谱.结果表明,MSBR堆芯能谱为典型的热堆能谱;MO-SART堆芯能谱介于快堆能谱和热堆能谱之间.结果能够作为堆芯扩散计算中能量分群方法的依据.同时分析了堆芯内中子通量分布情况,结果表明熔盐堆中子通量分布具有中间高、四周低的特点.     

Implications of particle size to transient stage of deep bed filtration

This study was aimed at investigating the effect of particle size, mostly in the submicron range, on break-through stage of filtration. Latex beads, with diameters ranging from 0.46- to 2.967-μm were filtered through filter grains of diameters 0.1-, 0.175- and 0.45-mm. Experimental conditions were chosen so as to obtain breakthrough curves. The experimental results showed that the initial efficiency follows the pattern reported by previous experimental and theoretical studies, i.e., lower efficiency for 0.825-μm particles which fall in the range of critical size. However, the particle removal during the transient stage increased with an increase in particle size for the range of sizes studied. This pattern is qualitatively confirmed by the theoretical predictions of Vigneswaran and Chang (1986) model. This study also provides experimental verification of the effect of the ratio of particle size and grain size at different stages of filtration.