HUBCODE: hub‐based forwarding using network coding in delay tolerant networks

This paper presents an efficient hub‐based message forwarding scheme for people‐centric DTN, wherein hubs (i.e. nodes with high degree distribution) are utilized as message relays. This scheme reduces redundant message transmissions without penalizing delivery ratio, since hubs collectively form a virtual data conduit which reaches most of the nodes. Further, in order to utilize bandwidth efficiently, this approach leverages linear network coding for exchanging messages among hubs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Transport layer protocols and architectures for satellite networks

Designing efficient transmission mechanisms for advanced satellite networks is a demanding task, requiring the definition and the implementation of protocols and architectures well suited to this challenging environment. In particular, transport protocols performance over satellite networks is impaired by the characteristics of the satellite radio link, specifically by the long propagation delay and the possible presence of segment losses due to physical channel errors. The level of impact on performance depends upon the link design (type of constellation, link margin, coding and modulation) and operational conditions (link obstructions, terminal mobility, weather conditions, etc.). To address these critical aspects a number of possible solutions have been presented in the literature, ranging from limited modifications of standard protocols (e.g. TCP, transmission control protocol) to completely alternative protocol and network architectures. However, despite the great number of different proposals (or perhaps also because of it), the general framework appears quite fragmented and there is a compelling need of an integration of the research competences and efforts. This is actually the intent of the transport protocols research line within the European SatNEx (Satellite Network of Excellence) project. Stemming from the authors' work on this project, this paper aims to provide the reader with an updated overview of all the possible approaches that can be pursued to overcome the limitations of current transport protocols and architectures, when applied to satellite communications. In the paper the possible solutions are classified in the following categories: optimization of TCP interactions with lower layers, TCP enhancements, performance enhancement proxies (PEP) and delay tolerant networks (DTN). Advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches, as well as their interactions, are investigated and discussed, taking into account performance improvement, complexity, and compliance to the standard semantics. From this analysis, it emerges that DTN architectures could integrate some of the most efficient solutions from the other categories, by inserting them in a new rigorous framework. These innovative architectures therefore may represent a promising solution for solving some of the important problems posed at the transport layer by satellite networks, at least in a medium‐to‐long‐term perspective. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

位置关联的延迟容忍网络路由算法

提出一种位置关联的延迟容忍网络路由(LRR)算法。引入位置信息,将动态的节点间路由转化为静止的位置间路由,利用节点访问位置的概率信息计算并选择中继位置,无需获取全局的节点间概率信息。实验结果表明,与现有的延迟容忍网络路由算法相比,LRR算法具有较高的传输成功率和较小的平均传输延迟。     

DTN中基于两跳ACK确认机制的备用副本转发算法

针对容迟容断网络(Delay/Disruption Tolerant Networks,DTN)在遇到路由空洞问题时缺乏有效回避路由空洞区域的方法,导致信息端到端传输时延较大的问题,提出一种基于两跳ACK确认机制的备用副本转发算法。消息在空洞区域无法传播时由上一跳节点寻找其他符合条件的节点,另辟路径转发消息,从而避开路由空洞区域。仿真实验结果表明,该算法在递交率、平均时延和网络开销方面表现优于Spray and Wait等对比算法,在车载自组网中具有很强的应用性。     

Analytical evaluation of average delay and maximum stable throughput along a typical two-way street for vehicular ad hoc networks in sparse situations

Intermittent connectivity is an intrinsic feature of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) in sparse situations. This type of network is in fact an example of delay and disruption tolerant networks (DTNs). In this paper, we focus on a typical two-way street and analytically evaluate the maximum stable throughput and the average delay for packet forwarding along the street. To this end, we map the mobility patterns of the vehicles with different speeds onto suitable parameters of a BCMP queueing network and derive the location density of vehicles. Then, we employ another queueing network in order to model opportunistic multi-hop packet forwarding along the street with respect to the specifications of MAC and routing schemes. We propose a two-mode MAC scheme suitable for DTNs with predictable mobility patterns. We also consider the effect of vehicles’ velocities and opportunistic relaying for routing schemes. In our analysis, we evaluate the average delay and the maximum stable throughput for the proposed MAC and routing schemes. In the last part of the paper, we show the efficiency of the proposed analytical approach by some numerical results and confirm our analysis by simulation.     

On the implications of routing metric staleness in delay tolerant networks

Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) routing addresses challenges of providing end-to-end service where end-to-end data forwarding paths may not exist. The performance of current DTN routing protocols is often limited by routing metric “staleness”, i.e., routing information that becomes out-of-date or inaccurate because of long propagation delays. Our previous work, ParaNets, proposed a new opportunistic network architecture in which the data channel is augmented by a thin end-to-end control channel. The control channel is adequate for the exchange of control traffic, but not data. In this paper we present Cloud Routing, a routing solution for the ParaNets architecture. We motivate the need for such a solution, not only because of stale routing metrics, but also because of congestion that can occur in DTNs. Unable to use up-to-date routing metrics to limit congestion, existing DTN routing solutions suffer from low goodput and long data delivery delays. We show how Cloud Routing avoids congestion by smart use of forwarding opportunities based on up-to-date routing metrics. We evaluate our solution using extensive OPNET simulations. Cloud Routing extends network performance past what is currently possible and motivates a new class of globally cognizant DTN routing solutions.     

面向DTN感染路由协议的缓存管理算法

延迟容忍网络(DTN)是一种面向移动与极端网络环境的特殊无线自组织网络。相对于传统网络,DTN中节点需要长时间存储/携带消息,进而实现消息的转发,从而使得节点缓存成为影响网络路由性能的重要因素。为优化Epidemic路由协议中缓存管理机制,避免由活跃消息丢弃所引起的路由效率降低的情况,提出了一种基于消息生存属性的缓存管理 (MPBBM)算法。该算法通过综合分析消息转发次数与生存时间等因素对消息传递的影响,制定了优化的缓存替换策略,使得缓存替换过程中有限保留新产生的消息、丢弃即将失效的消息。仿真结果表明,相比于其他缓存管理算法,MPBBM算法能够有效地提升消息交付率,并显著地降低投递时延与网络开销。     

容迟网络中提高数据包转发方向性的路由算法

将灰色-马尔科夫位置预测模型与基于节点活跃系数的喷射-等待路由算法相结合,提出了适用于容迟网络的基于灰色-马尔科夫预测模型的路由算法.该算法利用灰色-马尔科夫链预测模型预测目的节点的位置,提出节点活跃系数并利用节点活跃系数来量化节点活动性的强弱,算法以预测位置为基准,基于节点活跃系数喷射转发数据包,增强了数据包扩散的方向性.仿真结果表明,与Epidemic算法以及传统的喷射-等待路由算法相比,提出的路由算法具有更好的网络性能.     

一种应用于社交网络中的时延容忍路由协议*

基于传染方式的时延容忍路由并不适合直接应用于社交网络中,不可控的冗余数据包不但极大增加了网络的负载,同时也使得节点极易受到DoS攻击。通过分析社交网络的小世界特性,构建了基于社会关系的网络拓扑模型,并基于该模型提出了一种安全高效的时延容忍路由协议。通过实验,证明了基于节点的社会关系特性,该路由协议可以有效地保证重要数据包的成功转发,并降低节点被DoS攻击的风险。     

容迟网络中的路由算法研究及比较

容迟网络是一类新型的网络,根据不同的网络环境,容迟网络呈现不同的形式。在该类网络中,由于其具有较大且不定的时延以及网络拓扑结构频繁分裂的特性,使得传统的路由协议不能得到有效的利用。为此,路由问题即给出适合于容迟网络中有效的路由协议就成为容迟网络中的关键问题。本文主要针对近年来所提出的多种路由算法,进行分类剖析比较,并给出当前路由协议存在的有待研究解决的问题。