鄱阳湖出湖流量时序变化特征与驱动因子分析

长江中游与鄱阳湖及五河构成复杂的“江-湖”系统,研究阐明鄱阳湖出湖流量的时序变化特征与驱动因子,是调控改善江湖关系的关键所在。本文在初步选取12个潜在的出湖流量驱动因子基础上,有机结合相关系数判别和主成分分析方法,揭示了不同潜在驱动因子间的多重共线性;进而通过构建出湖流量数学模型,量化了不同潜在驱动因子对出湖流量的相对重要性排序及其影响程度。研究结果表明：（1）赣江、抚河、饶河、修水的入湖流量,湖区星子站水位,三峡出库流量等6个驱动因子间不存在多重共线性,可完整表征五河来流、湖区水位、长江干流的多重驱动作用;（2）运用基于随机森林回归方法的出湖流量数学模型,揭示了湖区水位、长江干流来流、赣江入湖流量是最为重要的驱动因子,并且其对出湖流量的影响呈现复杂的非线性特征。研究表明：影响出湖流量的众多驱动因子之间关系复杂但影响程度有所差异。这为科学调控典型通江湖泊江湖关系提供了重要参考依据。     

基于机器学习的配电网异常缺失数据动态清洗方法

针对传统配电网数据清洗过程中异常数据判断阈值需要人为设定、缺失数据填补效率不佳的局限性,提出基于机器学习的配电网异常缺失数据一体化动态清洗方法。首先,基于局部异常因子检测算法和高斯混合模型,提出一种异常数据动态检测改进算法,实现配电网异常数据阈值的准确自动选择。其次,基于随机森林算法与最小二乘回归法,提出一种配电网缺失数据动态填补算法。根据缺失数据时间长度自适应优化填补算法,在保证数据填补精度的同时降低计算时间。在此基础上,通过异常数据检测和缺失数据填补共同构建一体化动态清洗架构。采用湖南某地区配电网数据进行实例验证,结果表明所提方法可实现异常辨识阈值准确自动选择,有效检测配电网异常数据,并且实现缺失数据填补精度与速度的平衡,具有较好的工程应用价值。     

基于对称双通道脑电信号的注意力检测

注意力不能集中是一种注意力障碍,该现象普遍存在于青少年中,这直接影响人们的学习和工作效率.传统的注意力检测方法大多依赖对表情、姿势等行为的观察,难以客观精准地反映注意力情况.随着生理检测技术的迅猛发展,基于脑电信号的注意力检测近年来受到极大的关注.然而,相关研究仍存在检测准确率不高的问题.本研究收集了155位大学生在注意力集中、注意力非集中和放松3种状态下的脑电信号,并基于信号的小波特征、微分熵特征及功率谱特征,采用多种机器学习方法对3种注意力状态进行了识别.结果表明,脑电信号的小波特征,微分熵特征及功率谱特征可以有效区分被试的注意力状态,且基于对称双通道特征的平均准确率为(80.84±3)%,其检测精度明显高于基于单通道特征的检测精度.     

基于主动学习和最优路径森林的 管道故障分类识别方法

在工业故障分类过程中有标记样本数量少而人工标注成本高会导致分类器精度难以提高,而大量包含丰富信息的无 标记样本却没有得到充分利用。 针对上述问题,提出了一种结合主动学习(AL)和最优路径森林算法(OPF)的半监督故障分类 模型(AL-OPF)。 该方法首先利用 BvSB 和余弦相似度准则综合衡量样本的价值量,以排序批处理模式筛选价值高的样本,并 获取其标签扩充初始标记样本集,然后通过构建最优路径森林实现半监督标签传播,最后在实验室采集得到的管道故障样本集 上进行实验验证。 实验结果表明,该方法能在有标签样本为 10%的情况下达到 96. 68%的整体识别准确率,与逐个采样模式的 主动学习方法以及基于距离度量提取训练样本全局结构信息的半监督方法相比,所提出方法拥有更高的 Recall 值和 F1- score 值 关键词: 。     

长距离输水系统停泵水锤防护多目标优化研究北大核心CSCD

长距离有压输水系统中的水锤现象会导致管道系统振动或破裂,通常需增设水锤防护措施。为保障安全的同时降低水锤防护成本,针对长距离输水系统泵站停泵水锤过程中的水锤防护措施优化问题,提出基于随机森林(RF)算法与快速非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)协同的多目标优化方法。采用特征线法建立水力瞬变模型,构造期望样本集,利用RF算法拟合优化变量与优化目标间的映射关联。以最大水锤压力值、最大无量纲反转转速和水锤防护成本最小作为构建多目标优化模型目标函数,迭代搜索最优参数集。研究表明,该方法能在短时间内获得各目标均匀分布的停泵水锤防护优化方案集,所得方案满足规范中水锤防护要求,可为长距离输水系统停泵水锤的优化设计提供参考。     

TETRA通信与干扰信号智能识别技术

陆上集群无线电(Terrestrial Trunked Radio,TETRA)数字集群通信系统因其开放性易受到内外部电磁干扰。干扰信号的类型多种多样,针对不同的干扰样式,采取的抗干扰措施也各不相同,因此干扰信号的识别具有重大意义。基于此,提出了一种干扰信号智能识别技术。该技术首先对受到不同干扰后的TETRA音频数据进行特征提取,并筛选出具有分类能力的特征,其次使用决策树、支持向量机和随机森林3种分类模型对特征提取后的待测试信号进行智能分类识别。实验结果表明,使用的这3种模型能够有效判断TETRA系统中的信号是否受到干扰,以及受到何种样式的干扰,可为后续TETRA系统中的信号干扰识别提供参考。     

Effects of woody elements on simulated canopy reflectance: Implications for forest chlorophyll content retrieval

An important bio-indicator of actual plant health status, the foliar content of chlorophyll a and b (Cab), can be estimated using imaging spectroscopy. For forest canopies, however, the relationship between the spectral response and leaf chemistry is confounded by factors such as background (e.g. understory), canopy structure, and the presence of non-photosynthetic vegetation (NPV, e.g. woody elements)—particularly the appreciable amounts of standing and fallen dead wood found in older forests. We present a sensitivity analysis for the estimation of chlorophyll content in woody coniferous canopies using radiative transfer modeling, and use the modeled top-of-canopy reflectance data to analyze the contribution of woody elements, leaf area index (LAI), and crown cover (CC) to the retrieval of foliar Cab content. The radiative transfer model used comprises two linked submodels: one at leaf level (PROSPECT) and one at canopy level (FLIGHT). This generated bidirectional reflectance data according to the band settings of the Compact High Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (CHRIS) from which chlorophyll indices were calculated. Most of the chlorophyll indices outperformed single wavelengths in predicting Cab content at canopy level, with best results obtained by the Maccioni index ([R₇₈₀ − R₇₁₀] / [R₇₈₀ − R₆₈₀]). We demonstrate the performance of this index with respect to structural information on three distinct coniferous forest types (young, early mature and old-growth stands). The modeling results suggest that the spectral variation due to variation in canopy chlorophyll content is best captured for stands with medium dense canopies. However, the strength of the up-scaled Cab signal weakens with increasing crown NPV scattering elements, especially when crown cover exceeds 30%. LAI exerts the least perturbations. We conclude that the spectral influence of woody elements is an important variable that should be considered in radiative transfer approaches when retrieving foliar pigment estimates in heterogeneous stands, particularly if the stands are partly defoliated or long-lived.     

Remote sensing of structural complexity indices for habitat and species distribution modeling

Spatial distribution models are increasingly used in ecological studies, but are limited by the poor accuracy of remote sensing (RS) for mapping microhabitat (< 0.1 ha) features. Mapping accuracy can be improved by combining advanced RS image-processing techniques with microhabitat data expressed as a structural complexity index (SCI). To test this idea, we used principal components analysis (PCA) and an additive SCI method developed for forest ecology (calculated by re-scaling and summing representative structural variables) to summarize 13 microhabitat-scale (0.04 ha) vegetation structure attributes describing the rare mountain bongo antelope's (Tragelaphus eurycerus isaaci) habitat in Kenya's Aberdare mountains. Microhabitat data were collected in 127 plots: 37 related to bongo habitat use, 90 from 1 km-spaced grid points representing overall habitat availability and bongo non-presence. We then assessed each SCI's effectiveness for discerning microhabitat variability and bongo habitat selection, using Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests for differences in mean SCI scores among plots divided into 4 vegetation classes, and the Area Under the Curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristics from logistic regressions. We also examined the accuracy of predicted SCI scores resulting from regression models based on variables derived from a) ASTER imagery processed with spectral mixture and texture analysis, b) an SRTM DEM and c) rainfall data, using the 90 grid plots for model training and the bongo plots as an independent test dataset. Of the five SCIs derived, two performed best: the PCA-derived Canopy Structure Index (CSI) and an additive index summarizing 8 structural variables (AI₈). CSI and AI₈ showed significant differences between 5 of 6 vegetation class pairs, strong abilities to distinguish bongo-selected from available habitat (AUCs = 0.71 (CSI); 0.70 (AI₈)), and predicted scores 60-110% more accurate than reported by other studies using RS to quantify individual microhabitat structural attributes (CSI model R² = 0.51, RMSE = 0.19 (training) and 0.21 (test); AI₈ model R² = 0.46, RMSE = 0.17 (training) and 0.19 (test)). Repeating the Wilcoxon tests and logistic regressions with RS-predicted SCI values showed that AI₈ most effectively preserved the patterns found with the observed SCIs. These results demonstrate that SCIs effectively characterize microhabitat structure and selection, and boost microhabitat mapping accuracy when combined with enhanced RS image-processing techniques. This approach can improve distribution models and broaden their applicability, makes RS more relevant to applied ecology, and shows that processing field data to be more compatible with RS can improve RS-based habitat mapping accuracy.     

环境减灾卫星影像森林火灾监测技术方法研究

森林火灾是世界性的、频繁发生的重大自然灾害。随着国内外航天科技的迅猛发展,卫星遥感技术特别是红外卫星遥感已成为森林火灾监测的一种有效手段。我国的环境一号卫星A、B星(简称HJ-1A卫星、1B卫星)于2008年9月成功发射,其中的HJ-1B卫星搭载了红外多光谱相机,在森林火灾监测方面具有得天独厚的优势,可在早期的火灾发现、中期的灾害跟踪、后期的灾害损失评估中发挥重要作用。本文主要分析了环境减灾卫星在森林火灾监测方面的优势,对环境减灾卫星森林火灾监测技术和方法进行了研究。     

遥感图像林区自动阈值分割算法及性能比较

选取了几种经典的自动阈值选取算法对高分辨率遥感图像林区目标进行分割实验,并引入错分类误差、形状测度、均匀测度、最终测量精度和运算速度作为算法评判准则,客观、定量地比较了各种算法对高分辨率遥感图像林区目标的分割性能,所得结论对林区目标分割方法的选取具有一定的指导作用。