注硼中子寿命测井技术在砂岩油田开发中的应用

华北油田具有油藏类型多、油水关系复杂、储层非均质性严重等特点。在对比诸多剩余油分布监测技术及其应用效果的基础上 ,针对油藏特点和生产实际 ,引进了注硼中子寿命测井技术。通过华北油田采油三厂 6个中高含水砂岩油田实际测试应用 ,所获得的清晰、完整的油井剖面资料可直观地反映测试井点剖面油水分布 ,结合动静态资料可分析油田剩余油分布 ,为油田调整挖潜和进一步提高开发效果提供了可靠依据。文中以 3个不同油田的实际应用说明了这一技术的综合应用效果     

中国天然气开发技术进展及展望

在国际油价低位徘徊、国家大力发展绿色能源的背景下,天然气已成为中国油气工业的主营核心业务,其产量及消费量快速攀升,作用更加凸显。为了继续推动中国天然气业务的加速发展,在分析近年来天然气产业发展历程、总结天然气开发技术新进展的基础上,明确了我国天然气开发所面临的挑战,并从产量、需求量、进口量及未来天然气地位等4个方面对中国天然气工业的发展前景进行了展望。研究结果表明:(1)"十二五"以来,我国天然气消费量快速增长、供应多元化、储产量稳定增长、开发效益显著;(2)天然气开发技术在深层天然气开发、大型气田开发调整、致密气提高采收率、页岩气及煤层气开发、工程技术及开发决策体系等6个方面都取得了技术突破,创新能力显著提升;(3)随着开发程度的深入,受政策、环境的影响及地质条件制约,天然气持续规模效益开发将面临优质储量比例降低、气田开发成本升高、非常规气藏效益开发难度加大、上游效益进一步压缩、主力气田稳产能力减弱和市场竞争愈发激烈等诸多挑战。结论认为,未来我国将进入非常规气与常规气并重的发展阶段,天然气需求旺盛且消费结构呈现多元化趋势,天然气进口量逐年攀升且对外依存度不断加大,天然气将成为我国能源结构调整的主要增长点。     

基于简化Trace的动态隐式断言执行

分支指令与分支预测失败限制了处理器发掘指令级并行(ILP)的潜力.通过If-conversion或Predicated执行将程序中的控制相关转化为数据相关,能较好地降低分支预测开销.提出一种基于简化Trace结构的动态隐式断言执行机制(Dynamic Implicit Predication,DIP),而早期的相关研究主要集中于由编译器显式为宽发射处理器产生静态Predicated指令.无需编译器或者其他二进制工具的帮助,DIP可以在程序运行过程中识别可以进行断言变换的指令片断,完成指令转换与优化,并在以后的执行中使用优化后的指令Trace.基于SPEC2000模拟测试表明DIP可以有效避免错误的分支预测,提高并行度,单个程序的IPC平均提高10.3%,基准程序的平均加速比可达7.59%.     

基于结构分散化控制的球磨机制粉系统控制与仿真

按照球磨机制粉过程运动特性的基本因果关系,建立一种球磨机制粉过程的结构分散化模型,它由6个单元模型、3条因果链和4支链间关联的模型构成.以该模型为基础,设计球磨机制粉过程的预估系统,它拥有单元预估系统、基本关联模型和依托因果链的预估信息传递模型,保证在子系统设计预估算法,仍然能够获得对整体系统运动特性的满意预估.设计球磨机制粉过程的控制系统,它包含单元控制系统和依托因果链的控制指令传递模型,保证在子系统设计控制算法,仍然能够获得对整体系统的期望控制性能.该新型控制系统应用于球磨机制粉过程控制,具有良好的稳定性、抗干扰和容错能力.     

关于提高家具产品附加值的探讨

本文在对家具业的现状的描述和产品附加值的概念基础上,提出了提高家具产品附加值的必要性以及实现途径。     

三台阶七步法在软岩隧道应用技术探讨

探讨了三台阶七步法在软岩隧道中的应用，对超前地质预报、加强支护、步距控制、监控量测等关键技术进行了分析，并与双侧壁导坑开挖法、CRD法等进行了比较，总结归纳了该法的优点，以期更加完善的推广应用该工法。     

Cost impact of dynamically managing generation reserves

Generation reserves are needed to maintain the real time balance between power supply and power demand. Because power is noninventoriable, power generation follows power demand. Demand for power varies considerably depending on the time of day, day of the week and season. The predictable portion of power demand is met by purchasing firm energy on a day ahead or real time market. The random unpredictable portion of demand is met by purchasing a set of online and offline generation reserves on an ancillary market. The total energy purchasing cost includes payments for firm energy and payments for generation reserves. The latter include fixed capacity payments for reserve generation capacities and variable payments for the random energy produced from these reserves. The main contribution of this paper is to present an optimization model that captures the dynamism in the selection of the dispatch interval to determine the amount of firm energy and reserve capacities given a set of market prices. This is done by explicitly including in the model the duration of the dispatch period and the frequency this decision is reevaluated. In this model the randomness of the demand is captured by using a Doubly Truncated Normal Distribution. The cost incurred to activate generation reserves is modeled as a Poisson process. The total model captures the price differences from using different reserve sources. An empirical example is presented to illustrate the cost benefits of using the method proposed in this research with two different strategies: a static strategy and a dynamic strategy. It is shown that dynamically setting generation reserves results in cost savings.     

Reliability performance of safety instrumented systems: A common approach for both low- and high-demand mode of operation

Safety instrumented systems (SISs) are usually divided into two modes of operation, low-demand and high-demand. Unfortunately, this classification is not easy to justify and the available formulas that are used to quantify the reliability performance in these two modes of operation are unable to capture combined effects of functional testing, spurious activations, and successful responses to demands. This article discusses some important modeling issues for SIS reliability performance quantification, and demonstrates their implementation in a Markov model. The accuracy of the Markov model for a simple case study of a pressure transmitter is verified through comparison with a scenario-based formula, and it is shown that the Markov approach gives a sufficiently accurate result for all demand rates, covering both low- and high-demand modes of operation.     

A route set construction algorithm for the transit network design problem

The transit network design problem (TNDP) aims to determine a set of bus routes for a public transportation system, which must be convenient from the viewpoints of both users (people who use public transportation) and operators (companies who own the resources to give the service). This article presents a constructive algorithm for the TNDP. It is specially designed to produce a set of routes that fulfils demand covering constraints, while taking into account the interests of both users and operators. Its general structure is inspired in the Route Generation Algorithm (RGA) of Baaj and Mahmassani, where its original expansion of routes by inserting individual vertices is replaced by a strategy of insertion of pairs of vertices. The algorithm proposed, called Pair Insertion Algorithm (PIA) can be used to generate initial solutions for a local improvement or evolutionary algorithm, as well as to complete an unfeasible solution with respect to demand covering constraints. Numerical results comparing PIA with RGA over a real test case show that both algorithms produce solutions with similar quality from the users viewpoint (in terms of in-vehicle travel time), while the former produces better solutions from the operators viewpoint (in terms of number of routes and total route duration) and requires a higher execution time. Since the TNDP arises in a context of strategic planning, a solution that reduces the operation cost of the system is highly desirable, even though it takes more time to be computed. The experimental study of the proposed algorithm also shows its ability to produce diverse solutions in both decision and objective spaces; this is a useful property when looking at the use of PIA as a subroutine in the context of another algorithm such as metaheuristics, in particular for a multi-objective problem like TNDP.     

Modelling demand for crude oil products in Spain

This paper develops an econometric model for the five most important crude oil products demand in Spain. The aim is the estimation of a range of elasticities of such demands that would serve as the basis for an applied general equilibrium model used for forecasting energy demand in a broader framework. The main distinctive features of the system with respect to previous literature are (i) it takes advantage of monthly information coming from very different information sources and (ii) multivariate unobserved components (UC) models are implemented allowing for a separate analysis of long- and short-run relations. UC models decompose time series into a number of unobserved though economic meaningful components mainly trend, seasonal and irregular. A module is added to such structure to take into account the influence of exogenous variables necessary to compute price, cross and income elasticities. Since all models implemented are multivariate in nature, the demand components are allowed to interact among them through the system noises (similar to a seemingly unrelated equations model). The results show unambiguously that the main factor driving demand is real income with prices having little impact on energy consumption.