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31.
The electro-hydraulic servo system (EHSS) demonstrates numerous advantages in size and performance compared to other actuation methods. Oftentimes, its utilization in industrial and machinery settings is limited by its inferior efficiency. In this paper, a nonlinear backstepping control algorithm with an energy-saving approach is proposed for position control in the EHSS. To achieve improved efficiency, two control valves including a proportional directional valve (PDV) and a proportional relief valve (PRV) are used to achieve the control objectives. To design the control algorithm, the state space model equations of the system are transformed to their normal form and the control law through the PDV is designed using a backstepping approach for position tracking. Then, another nonlinear set of laws is derived to achieve energy-saving through the PRV input. This control design method, based on the normal form representation, imposes internal dynamics on the closed-loop system. The stability of the internal dynamics is analyzed in special cases of operation. Experimental results verify that both tracking and energy-saving objectives are satisfied for the closed-loop system. 相似文献
32.
The operational optimisation of coal-fired power units is important for saving energy and reducing losses in the electric power industry. One of the key issues is how to determine the benchmark values of the energy efficiency indexes of the units. Therefore, a new framework for determining these benchmark values is proposed, based on data mining methods. First, the energy efficiency key performance indicators (KPIs) associated with the net coal consumption rate (NCCR) were selected based on the domain knowledge. Second, the decision-making samples with minimal NCCR were acquired with the fuzzy C-means (FCM) clustering algorithm, and the corresponding clustering centres were employed as the benchmark values. Finally, based on the support vector regression (SVR) algorithm, the target values of the NCCR were obtained with the KPIs as input, and the energy saving potential was evaluated by comparing the target values with the historical values of the NCCR. An actual on-duty 1000 MW unit was taken as study unit, and the results show that the energy saving potential is remarkable when the operators adjust the KPIs based on the calculated benchmark values. 相似文献
33.
This study assesses the potential of energy flexibility of space heating and cooling for a typical household under different geographical conditions in Portugal. The proposed approach modifies the demand through the optimization of the thermostat settings using a genetic algorithm to reduce either operational costs or interaction with the grid. The results show that the used energy flexibility indicator expresses the available potential and that flexibility depends on several factors, namely: i) thermal inertia of the archetypical household; ii) the time of use electricity tariffs; iii) users’ comfort boundaries; and iv) the geographical location of the houses. 相似文献
34.
《Ceramics International》2020,46(6):7122-7130
This study examines three novel approaches for enhancing the thermoelectric (TE) properties of atomic-layer-deposited (ALD) ZnO thin films: 1) Hf-doping, which preserved the crystallinity of ZnO and provided effective phonon scattering owing to Hf's similar atomic radius to and large mass difference with Zn, leading to high power factor (PF) and low thermal conductivity (κ); 2) controlling the distribution of Hf into an alternating scattered phase/clustered phase superlattice, which balanced the high PF of the scattered phases with the low κ of the clustered phases, while providing significant energy-filtering effect to raise the Seebeck coefficient; 3) introducing 18O/16O periodicity into the Hf:ZnO films—by alternately using H216O and H218O as oxidants in the ALD processes, which further suppressed κ without compromising PF. The combination of the three approaches resulted in a maximum improvement in ZT of ~1600% over that of the undoped ZnO. 相似文献
35.
A novel synthetic route has been proposed to prepare hausmannite nanoparticles. The synthetic route comprises an iron mediated constant current cathodic electrodeposition of manganite and heat treatment of the latter to obtain hausmannite. The obtained nanostructures have been characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) and Fourier transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR). The role of iron in the formation of manganite precursor has been studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). A formation mechanism based on iron mediated formation of Mn3+ and subsequent cathodic reduction of the disproportionated products has been proposed accordingly. The prepared nanoparticles exhibited specific capacitance of 143 F g−1 in 0.5 M Na2SO4 solution. The retained specific capacity was 87% after 2000 cycles. 相似文献
36.
This paper addresses the multi-objective optimization problem arising in the operation of heat integrated batch plants, where makespan and utility consumption are the two conflicting objectives. A new continuous-time MILP formulation with general precedence variables is proposed to simultaneously handle decisions related to timing, product sequencing, heat exchanger matches (selected from a two-stage superstructure) and their heat loads. It features a complex set of timing constraints to synchronize heating and cooling tasks, derived from Generalized Disjunctive Programming. Through the solution of an industrial case study from a vegetable oil refinery, we show that major savings in utilities can be achieved while generating the set of Pareto optimal solutions through the ɛ-constraint method. 相似文献
37.
Manal Benyoussef Moneim Zannen Jamal Belhadi Bouchaib Manoun Jean-Luc Dellis Mimoun El Marssi Abdelilah Lahmar 《Ceramics International》2018,44(16):19451-19460
In this work, Na0.5(Bi1-xDyx)0.5TiO3 (0?≤?x?≤?15%) ceramics were prepared via solid state reaction method and were characterized. A stable and pure perovskite phase was revealed by X-ray diffraction analysis for all compositions and a symmetry change from rhombohedral to orthorhombic phase was detected beyond 10% of Dy substitution. The incorporation of Dy3+ into Sodium Bismuth Titanate (Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3) matrix allows a substantial decrease of the coercive field, an increase in the resistivity, and leads to a high stability of the dielectric permittivity (??/?(150?°C) ≤?±?15%) over a wide temperature range. Furthermore, this system was found to exhibit improved energy storage properties at high temperatures with a maximum energy density of 1.2?J/cm3 obtained for 2%Dy composition at 200?°C. The obtained results are very promising for energy storage capacitors operating at high temperatures. 相似文献
38.
《Energy Policy》2015
This article sounds the alarm that a significant build-out of efficient lighting and renewable energy technologies may be endangered by shortages of rare earths and rare earth permanent magnets. At the moment, China is the predominant supplier of both and its recent rare earth industrial policies combined with its own growing demand for rare earths have caused widespread concern. To diversify supplies, new mining—outside of China—is needed. But what many observers of the “rare earth problem” overlook is that China also dominates in (1) the processing of rare earths, particularly the less abundant heavy rare earths, and (2) the supply chains for permanent magnets. Heavy rare earths and permanent magnets are critical for many renewable energy technologies, and it will require decades to develop new non-Chinese deposits, processing capacity, and supply chains. This article clarifies several misconceptions, evaluates frequently proposed solutions, and urges policy makers outside of China to undertake measures to avert a crisis, such as greater support for research and development and for the cultivation of intellectual capital. 相似文献
39.
40.
《Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment》2003,510(3):248-261
The energy dependence of the energy and position resolutions of the electromagnetic calorimeter prototype made of lead tungstate crystals produced in Bogoroditsk (Russia) and Shanghai (China) is presented. These measurements were carried out at the Protvino accelerator using a 1–45 GeV electron beam. The crystals were coupled to photomultiplier tubes. The dependence of energy and position resolutions on different factors as well as the measured electromagnetic shower lateral profile are presented. 相似文献