Flash-lamp annealing of semiconductor materials—Applications and process models

Flash-lamp annealing (FLA) on a millisecond time scale has been shown to be a promising tool in the preparation of high-quality semiconducting materials. The process imposes time varying through-thickness temperature profiles on the substrates being processed, and consequently thermal stresses. A combined thermal and optical model has been developed to predict the substrate temperature distribution and this model has been linked to a structural model to compute stresses and deflections. The paper shows how these models can be used to explore process conditions in flash lamp annealing, with particular regard to the annealing of ion implants in silicon and the crystallization of amorphous silicon layers on glass substrates.     

用磷铝杂原子固体酸催化剂合成马来酸二丁酯

以自制的磷铝杂原子固体酸催化剂催化合成了马来酸二丁酯，考察了反应时间、醇酸摩尔比、带水剂用量、催化剂用量等对酯化率的影响；同时考察了催化剂的重复使用性。对酯化产物物理性能进行了测试，其实测值与文献值相符。     

New approach to environmentally benign epoxidation: the solid-phase-system using urea–H2O2 and recyclable dodecatungstate on apatite

On the basis of new concept using a solid disperse phase we have developed an efficient catalytic solid-phase-system for epoxidations of alkenes using urea–hydrogen peroxide (urea–H₂O₂) complex and cetylpyridinium dodecatungstate ((CetylPy)₁₀[H₂W₁₂O₄₂]) catalyst on fluorapatite (FAp). The recovered solid catalyst phase was reused to keep the catalytic activity after several times. In the conceptual idea it is a key point that in situ solid-phase-activation of the catalyst with urea–H₂O₂ proceeds to form microcrystals of the active species dispersed on the solid phase. The dispersion of the catalyst on FAp in the case of tungstic acid (H₂WO₄) was suggested by EPMA analysis. We proposed the peroxo type of species keeping the parent polyoxometalate framework as novel active species from FT-IR spectroscopic studies. FAp phase plays important roles of dispersing the active species on its surface to have high catalytic activity and of stabilizing the active species to lead to high reusability.     

The effects of case libraries on problem solving

Abstract The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of providing access to a case library of related stories while undergraduates solved ill-structured problems. While solving complex food product development problems, the experimental group accessed experts' stories of similar, previously solved problems; the comparable group accessed fact sheets (expository representation of stories' content); and the control group accessed text selected at random from a textbook dealing with issues unrelated to the stories. On multiple-choice questions assessing processes related to problem solving (prediction, inferences, explanations, etc.), experimental students out-performed the comparable and control groups. Performance on short-answer questions also assessing problem-related skills was not significantly different, in part because of test fatigue. Analysis of interviews identified a number of factors that students used in deciding how to apply their study strategies, including causal factors, grounding phenomenon, grounding in context, and outcomes.     

An analysis of the electrical conductivity in BaSO4-added Ag2SO4 solid electrolyte system

The compositions (1 −x)Ag₂SO₄−(x)BaSO₄, wherex=0·01 to 0·6, were prepared by slow cooling of the melt. The extent of the solid solubility of Ba²⁺ in Ag₂SO₄ was determined by X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The bulk conductivity of each sample was obtained using a detailed impedance analysis. The partial substitution of Ba²⁺ results in the enhancement of conductivity in compliance with the classical aliovalent doping theory. A simplistic model based on lattice distortion (expansion) due to partial substitution of Ag⁺ by the bigger Ba²⁺ has been considered to explain enhanced conductivity. Beyond solid-solubility limit (5·27 mole%) the BaSO₄-dispersed Ag₂SO₄ conductivity follows the usual trend seen in binary systems. An increase in conductivity in this case is discussed in the light of interfacial reactions and surface defect chemistry. The maximum conductivity in 20 mole% BaSO₄ dispersed Ag₂SO₄ is due to percolation threshold.     

Wiener models of direction-dependent dynamic systems

Analysis of systems with direction-dependent dynamics is currently limited to cases in which the dynamics in the two directions of the output are first order; results for such systems have been published for both pseudo-random maximum-length binary (MLB) and inverse-repeat maximum-length binary (IR-MLB) inputs. These relatively limited analytical results make it useful to examine alternative ways of modelling such systems and in this paper, Wiener models are considered for this purpose. Methods for optimising the Wiener model parameters by matching the system and model cross-correlation functions, outputs, and discrete Fourier transforms of the outputs are considered, and the results are compared. These methods are also applied to a first-order direction-dependent system with a maximum-length ternary (MLT) input, for which no analytical results are currently available, and to a second-order system with an IR-MLB input.     

Relationship between CO2 Sensor Voltage Response and Phase Equilibrium of Solid Electrolyte Na, K-β/β"-Al2O3

A type of CO2 sensor based on oxygen concentration cell was designed as following: Cell I: Pt | Au, O2,CO2|Na2CO3(Au)|NKBA(Au)|YSZ|O2, CO2|Pt or Cell Ⅱ: Pt|Au, O2, CO2|K2CO3(Au)|NKBA(Au)|YSZ|O2, CO2|Pt.(Na,K-β/β″-Al2O3 is named by NKBA). The sensor signal is consistent with the Nernstian slope within the region ofphase equilibrium for Na, K-β/β"-Al2O3 material. The relationship between CO2 sensor voltage response and phaseequilibrium of solid electrolyte Na, K-β/β-Al2O3 is discussed in this paper.     

环件轧制中晶粒变化的计算机模拟

金属微观结构变化影响产品机械性能。本文将金属再结晶数学模型与三维热刚塑性有限元结合起来进行模拟计算，获得了环件轧制中晶粒变化的三维分布规律，及与以往不同的轧制力和力矩变化。所用方法有普遍适用性。     

Simulation of toxic gases and vapours removal by activated carbon filters

The system ASC carbon filter/cyanogen chloride was studied by simulation. Three filter configurations and several models, taking into account Langmuir adsorption and second-order reaction between the adsorbed toxic vapour and the active metal on the surface, were developed.The effects of axial dispersion, number of reaction units, film mass transfer units and intraparticle mass transfer resistance on the breakthrough time were studied.Simulation results show that a complex model should be used in order to predict with reasonable accuracy the protection imparted by these filters.     

Flow dynamics or ‘quaking’ in gravity discharge from silos

This paper reviews the characteristics of pulsating or cyclic flow of bulk solids during gravity discharge in bins and silos. The dynamic load phenomenon is often referred to as “silo quaking” and is influenced by various factors related to the type of flow pattern developed in the bin and the flow properties of the bulk material. Of particular relevance is the influence of ‘slip-stick’ during shear flow, and the velocity at critical sections in the silo during discharge. An overview of recent and current research on this subject is presented.