人情化建筑的现代演绎—以维基住区为例谈芬兰现代木建筑体验

芬兰首都赫尔辛基市的维基(Viikki)住宅区是一座新兴的城市居住社区,因其生态邻里住区理念并拥有大规模木质集合住宅和独栋木别墅群而闻名于世。本文分析社区内木质住宅、公共建筑、景观小品等木建筑的空间布局、现代人文形象特征,再现木建筑所特有的、以自然方式实现的自然情调调节作用,并从中总结芬兰现代木建筑带给我们的"人居—人情—人文—人本"作用链条的设计启示。     

From Polluted to Swimmable Waters

Abstract

As early as the 1830s, water was pumped from the lake above the city and led via a wooden pipe to the centre of Tampere. In the 1860s, a businessman suggested that a privately held waterworks be constructed, but a city-owned works was preferred. A gravity system began distributing water in 1882, followed by a high-pressure system in 1898. The first phase of a sewerage system was completed in 1894. The bodies of water upstream and downstream from the City of Tampere deteriorated during the 1950s and 1960s but recovered surprisingly fast after the introduction of efficient water pollution control. Groundwater utilization was suggested in the 1910s, implemented partly since the 1950s, and may be followed by artificial recharge by 2010. Experiences from both water supply and water pollution control in the case of Tampere indicates that foreign solutions as such do not suit Finnish conditions. Applied development and research are needed. The role of public relations and education is becoming increasingly important as we enter the 21st century.     

芬兰——诗意地栖居之本质探寻

“诗意地栖居”体现了芬兰充满诗意的,与自然和谐共处的居住文化及建筑设计中所蕴涵的深刻的人本主义哲理。本文从自然与人文背景出发,对芬兰——诗意地栖居的本质进行探寻。     

芬兰电信概况

芬兰电信发展水平在世界上属先进行列，拥有许多世界第一。１９８７年，竞争号角正式吹响，使芬兰成为目前世界上电信市场最为开放的国家之一。本文简介芬兰电硒概况和电信体制的框架结构，电信管理部门和管制机构的职权范围，以用主要电信公司在市场竞争中的发展战略和特点。     

Children's Mental Health in Times of Economic Recession: Replication and Extension of the Family Economic Stress Model in Finland.

This study evaluated the applicability of the family economic stress model (FESM) in understanding the influences of economic hardship on child mental health during a nationwide economic recession in Finland. The information was gathered from 527 triads of 12-year-olds and their mothers and fathers from a population sample. The structural equation models showed that the FESM fit the data well, indicating its generalizability in Finnish society. The results confirmed that a reduction in disposable family income constitutes a risk for child mental health through increased economic pressure and negative changes in parental mental health, marital interaction, and parenting quality. Controlling the children's prerecession mental health substantiated that economic hardship can lead to deterioration in children's mental health. Alternative models based on fully recursive analyses revealed reciprocal influences between parents and their children over time: Children's prerecession mental health problems predicted compromised parenting, which in turn contributed to children's internalizing and externalizing symptoms during the recession. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Barriers and drivers in the adoption of current and future mobile services in Finland

Finland has long been seen as the most successful country in Europe in terms of the adoption and use of advanced mobile services. In this paper we discuss the importance of understanding the role of (physical, cognitive, security and economic) barriers and benefits (perceived entertainment value and perceived flexibility) of mobile services as well as the role that functional differences of mobile service bundles play in the process of actual and future use of these bundles. Based on a survey we test six models for mobile travel service bundle, GPRS bundle, mobile surveillance bundle, traditional and more advanced entertainment bundles and m-commerce service bundles. Our analysis shows that understanding the actual and future use is only possible when the subtleties of the specific bundles, i.e. the characteristics of the involved services, are taken into account. Differences in technology or service attributes based on technology cannot be treated as neutral.     

Contemporary Reviews of Mine Water Studies in Europe, Part 2

Abstract.   Europe once was the most important mining region in the world and nearly every European country has remnants of historic and even pre-historic mining sites. Though the importance of mining activities in most European countries declines, the abandoned sites are still there and can cause environmental dangers as well as technological challenges. On the bases of selected European countries and case studies, these dangers and challenges are described and potential solutions are illustrated.     

International Quit and Win 1996: comparative evaluation study in China and Finland

OBJECTIVES: To compare background and process variables, as well as follow up status, of the participants in the International Quit and Win '96 contests of China and Finland, and analyse factors contributing to sustained maintenance. DESIGN: A standardised 12 month follow up was conducted in both countries with random samples of participants. The sample sizes were 3119 in China and 1448 in Finland, with response rates of 91.2% and 65.2%, respectively. INTERVENTIONS: The International Quit and Win '96 contest was the second coordinated, multinational smoking cessation campaign targeted at adult daily smokers. Altogether 25 countries participated, including China with 15 000 and Finland with 6000 smokers registered. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Conservative (considering all non-respondents relapsed) and non-conservative (based on respondents only) estimates were calculated for one month abstinence, 12 month continuous abstinence, and point abstinence at the time point of follow up. RESULTS: Great differences were found in the background and process variables, as well as in the outcome measures. At one year follow up, the conservative continuous abstinence rates show that the Chinese participants maintained their abstinence better (38%) compared to the Finnish ones (12%). In China women reached higher abstinence rate (50%) than men (36%), whereas in Finland men achieved a better result (14%) than women (9%). CONCLUSIONS: The Quit and Win contest is a mass smoking cessation method feasible in countries showing great variance in smoking habits and rates. However, in countries with different stages of anti-smoking development, such as China and Finland, different practical implementation strategies may be needed.     

Establishing minimum counts for semiquantitative bank‐to‐bank river transect mussel studies in species‐poor rivers

Riverine mussel investigations involve laborious fieldwork, yet acquiring adequate sample sizes is of high importance. This paper presents the calculated minimum sample size required for the bank‐to‐bank transect method in species‐poor rivers. Data were collected from 50 transect dives from four Finnish rivers, and individual‐based rarefaction calculations were used to detect the minimum sample size at which the number of new species plateaus (i.e., species richness curve reaches an asymptote). The results indicate that a minimum of 100 mussels per transect is necessary for general semiquantitative investigations using bank‐to‐bank transect surveys. Because riverine systems typically exhibit high variation in habitats, expert evaluation should always be used to determine the number and location of transects. The effort must be increased if very rare species need to be collected.     

Analysis of the marine traffic safety in the Gulf of Finland

The Gulf of Finland (GOF) is geographically situated between Finland and Estonian waters. The seafloor varies between deep and shallow and a number of underwater rocks exist in the Finnish archipelago area. The marine traffic has been growing fast during the last years in this area, especially due to the rapid increase of the transportation of various cargoes to Russia and the transport of oil from Russia. In this paper the safety of the marine traffic in the GOF area is analysed. First a detail accident statistics during the last 10 years are described and thereafter the risk of ship collisions is studied by theoretical modelling in two locations. Finally the results of the theoretical models are compared with actual accident statistics. The results reveal that grounding is the dominating accident type in these waters and typically about 11 groundings take place annually, of which about one is a tanker grounding. For collision the highest risks are caused by the passenger ship/RoPax ships traffic between Helsinki and Tallinn together with the high traffic intensity eastwards/westward to and from Russian harbours. The theoretical collision models give good results when compared with the accident statistics. AIS data is utilised in the theoretical models to calculate the geometric collision probabilities.