Thermal modeling and hydrocarbon generation of the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous Chia Gara Formation in Iraqi Kurdistan region,northern Zagros Fold Belt

The Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous Chia Gara Formation is an important oil-source rock in Iraqi Kurdistan region. Chia Gara source rock is characterised by high organic matter and sulphur content with Type II_S kerogen. 1D basin models were integrated with geological information and geochemical data from Chia Gara Fm at four well locations in Kurdistan region, northern Iraq. The models of the burial/thermal history indicate that Chia Gara Fm is presently in the peak-oil generation window and some oil cracked to gas during Late Eocene to Late Miocene time. Onset of oil-generation began during the Middle Paleocene- Early Oligocene (60–30?Ma). Oil was generated during the Late Eocene to Late Miocene (48–9 Ma). The models also suggest that the oil was expelled from Chia Gara source rock during the Late Eocene to Late Miocene (37–9 Ma), with a transformation ratio more than 50%. The high transformation ratio of more than 80% in two wells suggests that the generated oil was cracked to gas during the end of Middle Miocene time and continued to present day. The basin modeling results further suggest that Chia Gara Formation acts as a prolific petroleum-source rock and significant of oil and limited of gas have been generated and expelled to any nearby prospect reservoir rocks in the Kurdistan region.     

诗意的理性:S-M.A.O.的方法与实践

本文以跨学科的视角对西班牙建筑师胡安·卡洛斯,桑丘·欧西纳加和索尔·玛德丽德霍斯的建筑进行了考察,以当代哲学和艺术的空间观念为线索来阐述他们的建筑方法,试图描述出他们独特的将理念物化为空间的理性途径。     

Efficient solution algorithms for computing fold points of power flow equations

Techniques for identifying fold points of power flow equations are fundamental to voltage stability analysis. This paper presents efficient methods for computing fold points of power flow equations. The proposed methods make use of two generalized extended systems for determining fold points of nonlinear systems, i.e., the Moore-Spence system and the minimally extended system. Block elimination (BE) techniques are used in the solution procedures for the two systems. Hence, the sparsity of Jacobian matrix of power flow equations can be fully exploited to enhance computational efficiency. Left and right singular vectors corresponding to the zero eigenvalue of Jacobian matrix of nonlinear power flow equations can be obtained simultaneously at the end of the iterations. Numerical examples of Ward & Hale 6-bus system and a real 1620-bus power system in China are presented to validate the methods.     

浙西北前陆褶皱冲断带特征及上古生界含油气性

主要通过对晚工及中生代地层的岩石组合、岩相及构造牲的分析，认为浙西北地区直到早三叠世仍为一倾向东南的被动大陆边缘，中三叠世到白垩纪主要发育前陆磨拉石沉积；板块碰撞始于旱三叠世晚期，逆冲推覆冲席为浙西北地区的主要构造形式，推覆方向自南东向北西。浙西北地区残存的晚古生代地层中油气显示比较普遍，表明该区有一定油气探前景。该区晚古生代海相地层中的３套生储盖组合相互配套，其中油源岩在早、中侏罗世进入成熟阶段     

Dynamic buckling of a simple geometrically imperfect frame using Catastrophe Theory

This paper deals with nonlinear static and dynamic buckling of a geometrically imperfect two-bar frame due to initially crooked bars, which is subjected to an eccentrically applied load at its joint. The analysis is facilitated by considering the frame (being a continuous system) as one degree-of-freedom (1-DOF) system with generalized coordinate unknown the column axial force and then by employing catastrophe theory. Through a local analysis via Taylor's expansion of the nonlinear equilibrium equation of the frame, one can classify the total potential energy (TPE) function of the frame to the canonical form of the corresponding TPE function of the seven elementary Thom's catastrophes. Using energy criteria static catastrophes are extended to the corresponding dynamic catastrophes of undamped frames under step loading (autonomous systems) by conveniently determining the dynamic singularity and bifurcational sets. Numerical examples associated with static and dynamic fold catastrophes demonstrate the efficiency and reliability of the present approach.     

The essential novelty brought to crystallization by molecular length

There are two key features brought to crystallization by molecular length. First transverse lamellae which, for longer molecules, involves chainfolding and thence spherulitic growth. Second the basal lamellar surfaces; their formation is secondary to the crystallization of stems so that they are only well-defined for slow growth. For faster growth they are increasingly rough, unstable and prone to reorganization towards preferred packing in thicker lamellae. In tightly packed lattices such as polyethylene the associated excess energy drives twisted growth.     

辐照聚酰胺1010的后效应

用ＤＳＣ以及凝胶含量测定的方法研究了辐照聚酰胺１０１０的后效应，讨论了晶区分子运动与转变受辐射后效应的影响，也探讨了结晶表面积对后效应的影响，结果表明辐射后效应主要来源于结晶表面内的俘陷自由基。     

Localised edge buckling in cold roll-forming of symmetric channel section

The limit of allowable deformation that can be achieved in a single stage is one of the most important constraints for the design of a roll-forming process. In this paper, finite element simulation is utilized to predict local edge buckling as a limiting factor in the cold roll-forming of a symmetric channel section. To calibrate the finite element simulation, a comparison is made between computed and previously measured longitudinal strain. The simulation results show that during the rolling mill set-up phase, the fold angle in the first station should be kept below a particular limit. Above this limit, reverse bending applied by the rolls of the second station, may induce local edge buckling, which will result in an undesirable product because of the uneven shape of the flange.     

Adjoint folds and unfolds—An extended study

Folds and unfolds are at the heart of the algebra of programming. They allow the cognoscenti to derive and manipulate programs rigorously and effectively. However, most, if not all, programs require some tweaking to be given the form of an (un)fold. In this article, we remedy the situation by introducing adjoint (un)folds. We demonstrate that most programs are already of the required form and thus are directly amenable to formal manipulation. Central to the development is the categorical notion of an adjunction, which links adjoint (un)folds to standard (un)folds. We discuss a multitude of basic adjunctions and ways of combining adjunctions and show that they are directly relevant to programming. Furthermore, we develop the calculational properties of adjoint (un)folds, providing several fusion laws, which codify basic optimisation principles. We give a novel proof of type fusion based on adjoint folds and discuss several applications—type fusion states conditions for fusing a left adjoint with an initial algebra to form another initial algebra. The formal development is complemented by a series of examples in Haskell.     

深层复杂地质构造带地震勘探关键技术——以四川盆地龙门山断褶带北段为例

四川盆地西北部地区处于龙门山断褶带北段,地表地势变化剧烈、地腹断层发育、地震资料品质差、构造落实难;主要目的层——中二叠统栖霞组埋藏深、储层薄、非均质性强、地震预测难度大。为此,通过开展地震采集、处理、解释联合攻关,形成了适合地面、地下双复杂构造的地震勘探配套技术:(1)通过表层结构调查、动态井深岩性识别、单点检波器埋置工具及工艺优化激发接收参数,采用高覆盖、宽方位、大偏移距观测系统,提高地震资料采集品质;(2)形成以微测井约束层析静校正、保真保幅高分辨率处理、全方位角度域叠前深度偏移为主的复杂构造带地震成像技术,提高地震资料深层成像质量;(3)利用高精度重磁电资料提取地质结构、断裂等信息,结合地震资料精细解释,落实构造细节和断裂特征;(4)基于模型正演和单井储层地震精细标定,优选属性预测储层分布。运用上述配套技术,新发现川西北部地区1223 km~2大型构造—岩性复合圈闭,双鱼石—江油地区整体处于构造高带,双鱼石以南地区栖霞组台缘带白云岩储层连片发育。结论认为,该配套技术较好地解决了该区复杂构造带圈闭落实和薄储层预测等难题,明确了勘探方向,为井位部署提供了技术支撑,加快了深层海相碳酸盐岩气藏勘探开发示范工程的建设步伐。