Grey scale, the “crispening effect”, and perceptual linearization

One way of optimizing a display is to maximize the number of distinguishable grey levels, which in turn is equivalent to perceptually linearizing the display. Perceptual linearization implies that equal steps in grey value evoke equal steps in brightness sensation. The key to perceptual linearization is hence to understand the relationship between screen luminance (differences) and perceived brightness (differences). We start with an overview of psychophysical laws on the brightness-luminance relationship. We present alternative models from the literature for describing this relationship. Existing models are compared with our human-performance data that were discussed in an earlier paper. We show that Whittle’s model provides a good fit to our experimental data, provided that some of the model parameters are allowed to depend on the surround luminance. An alternative model by Kingdom and Moulden, however, needs to be modified in order to accomplish agreement with experimental data.     

Bayes网络与关系模型的集成:概率关系模型

对象关系模型和Bayes网络分别是关系理论和概率理论两个不同领域中最重要的模型，它们首次集成于本文引入的概率关系模型中，作为新型的概率模型，概率关系模型不仅继承了Bayes网络的大部分优点，而且关系特征和对象的概念使它能有效地克服Bayes网络在许多方面的不足，而成为对复杂系统模建的理想工具，是对Bayes网络的重要创新；作为新型的关系模型，概率关系模型也是对传统关系模型的重要创新，具备概率特征的对象关系模型有了处理不确定性问题的能力。概率关系模型的创建对复杂智能信息系统开发研究有有着特别重要的意义，本文首先评述Bayes网络和对象关系模型，然后在此基础上引入概率关系模型。     

Active query forwarding in sensor networks

While sensor networks are going to be deployed in diverse application specific contexts, one unifying view is to treat them essentially as distributed databases. The simplest mechanism to obtain information from this kind of a database is to flood queries for named data within the network and obtain the relevant responses from sources. However, if the queries are (a) complex, (b) one-shot, and (c) for replicated data, this simple approach can be highly inefficient. In the context of energy-starved sensor networks, alternative strategies need to be examined for such queries.We propose a novel and efficient mechanism for obtaining information in sensor networks which we refer to as ACtive QUery forwarding In sensoR nEtworks (ACQUIRE). The basic principle behind ACQUIRE is to consider the query as an active entity that is forwarded through the network (either randomly or in some directed manner) in search of the solution. ACQUIRE also incorporates a look-ahead parameter d in the following manner: intermediate nodes that handle the active query use information from all nodes within d hops in order to partially resolve the query. When the active query is fully resolved, a completed response is sent directly back to the querying node.We take a mathematical modelling approach in this paper to calculate the energy costs associated with ACQUIRE. The models permit us to characterize analytically the impact of critical parameters, and compare the performance of ACQUIRE with respect to other schemes such as flooding-based querying (FBQ) and expanding ring search (ERS), in terms of energy usage, response latency and storage requirements. We show that with optimal parameter settings, depending on the update frequency, ACQUIRE obtains order of magnitude reduction over FBQ and potentially over 60–75% reduction over ERS (in highly dynamic environments and high query rates) in consumed energy. We show that these energy savings are provided in trade for increased response latency. The mathematical analysis is validated through extensive simulations.     

基于Matlab的数字中频GPS信号生成模型

精确的GPS信号生成器是测试与评价先进GPS接收机设计的重要分析工具。本文在中频GPS信号理论模型分析的基础上,用Matlab实现了一种数字GPS信号生成模型,它能够在数字中频上产生GPS接收信号,其中包含仿真的噪声和接收机时钟误差。与常规的GPS信号生成器(或模拟器)相比,这种模型设计灵活、易于使用,此外,模型构建涉及对GPS信号在接收机射频前端处理过程的仿真,从而为GPS接收机射频前端的设计提供了支持。     

Towards a Better Prediction of Cell Settling on Nanostructure Arrays—Simple Means to Complicated Ends

Vertical arrays of nanostructures (NSs) are emerging as promising platforms for probing and manipulating live mammalian cells. The broad range of applications requires different types of interfaces, but cell settling on NS arrays is not yet fully controlled and understood. Cells are both seen to deform completely into NS arrays and to stay suspended like tiny fakirs, which have hitherto been explained with differences in NS spacing or density. Here, a better understanding of this phenomenon is provided by using a model that takes into account the extreme membrane deformation needed for a cell to settle into a NS array. It is shown that, in addition to the NS density, cell settling depends strongly on the dimensions of the single NS, and that the settling can be predicted for a given NS array geometry. The predictive power of the model is confirmed by experiments and good agreement with cases from the literature. Furthermore, the influence of cell‐related parameters is evaluated theoretically and a generic method of tuning cell settling through surface coating is demonstrated experimentally. These findings allow a more rational design of NS arrays for the numerous exciting biological applications where the mode of cell settling is crucial.     

火力发电厂输煤系统程序控制的几种模式

本文给出了火力发电厂输煤系统应用程序控制技术,构成程序控制系统的几种模式,并对其适用范围作了说明,对于设计程控系统方案和电厂技术改造及新技术应用具有参考价值。     

AN ATM-LIKE SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS INCLUDING ON-BOARD SWITCHING

In this paper, an ATM system architecture for satellite communications is described. The proposed architecture includes an on-board switch and implements the adaptation of real-time services (e.g. voice and video) and non-real-time services (e.g. data) to the satellite communication link, while achieving statistical advantage. To this end, the ATM traffic categories defined in recent specifications^1,2 are utilized. Real-time and non-real-time traffic components are simultaneously supported by a TDMA/TDM on the satellite uplink/downlink, respectively. By exploiting the burstiness of real-time traffic, the proposed satellite system architecture achieves a significant increase of the overall system throughput. After describing the satellite system architecture and addressing scheme, we derive analytical models, by using sophisticated queueing models that allow a very accurate performance evaluation and an easy dimensioning of the data buffers. The proposed model is validated with simulations. The main result is the assessed feasibility of on-board buffers with current technology, even under very strict performance requirements on cell loss ratio and for quite high load values (e.g. 80 per cent of the downlink capacity). Finally, a congestion control scheme, based on a combination of preventive and reactive strategies, is proposed and analysed.     

Study on Storage Reliability Evaluation for Ammunition Using Gibbs Sampler

For the gradual maturity of Bayesian survival analysis theory, as well as the defects of the traditional methods for storage reliability evaluation, the Bayesian survival analysis method is proposed to build regression models for reliability in the random truncated test. These models can reflect the influences of different environments on the ammunition storage lifetime. As an example, the common exponential distribution is used here, and Markov chain Monte Carlo（MCMC） method based on Gibbs sampling dynamically simulates the Markov chain of the parameters＇ posterior distribution. Also, the parameters＇ Bayesian estimations are calculated in the random truncated condition. The simulation results show that the proposed method is effective and directly perceived.     

杠杆式气动液阀建模及动态特性分析

建立了杠杆式气动液阀的动力学模型,对其响应特性进行仿真,并与试验结果进行比较,验证了模型的正确性.分析了控制气体压力、控制腔容腔半径、与电磁阀之间连接管长度以及工质腔入口压力等因素对气动阀启动过程的影响.     

Neural nets for modelling rainfall-runoff transformations

To obtain river flow data, a neural network (NN) is developed and applied to rainfall-runoff transformation. The NN has been built considering a hidden two layer net and the sigmoidal has been used as a response function. Training is conducted using a back-propagation learning rule. In the input layer, both areal and point data values may be considered. The capability to provide a suitable forecast of river runoff has been examined for the Araxisi watershed in Sardinia. Experiments have been made dividing the total extension of observed data into three ten-year periods, assuming each as a training set, learning the NN and simulating the other two decades over the same period. The obtained model efficiency confirms the capability of this approach to supplying a useful tool in the evaluation of rainfall-runoff transformations.