水溶性和碱溶性蔗渣木质素的分离与表征

以蔗渣为原料,经脱蜡后依次用H₂O、1% NaOH和3% NaOH进行抽提,分别得到水溶性木质素L1和碱溶性木质素L2、L3,并对其理化性质和结构特征进行分析。通过硝基苯氧化法、高效液相色谱检测来确定蔗渣木质素的组分,通过凝胶渗透色谱检测蔗渣木质素的分子质量,利用紫外分光光度计和二维核磁共振推导出蔗渣木质素的结构单元和连接方式。结果表明,L1、L2和L3的得率（以绝干原料计）分别为0.4%、5.7%和3.7%,占蔗渣木质素总量的54.1%,而且水溶性木质素分子质量大于碱溶性木质素。L2和L3主要来自于蔗渣次生壁,富含紫丁香基单元和大量的非缩合醚结构。蔗渣木质素的结构单元间的主要连接方式是β-O-4'醚键,还有β-β'、β-5'和β-1'等碳碳结构。蔗渣木质素是由紫丁香基、愈创木基和少量对羟苯基结构单元组成的GSH型木质素,此外,还含有对香豆酸和阿魏酸,通过酯键与木质素相连。     

Surface modification of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) films via environmental crazing

This work addresses the phenomenon of the development of a patterned surface relief on polymer films via different modes of environmental crazing. Commercial films of semicrystalline poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) and amorphous glassy poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) were subjected to tensile drawing in the presence of physically active liquid environments (carbon tetrachloride or aliphatic alcohols). The structure parameters and wettability of the modified films were studied by AFM, SEM, profilometer measurements and contact angle measurements. Environmental intercrystallite crazing of PTFE is accompanied by the development of an unstable structure with a high free surface, which experiences marked strain recovery upon unloading. As a result of the relief formation, PTFE hydrophobicity is enhanced (the water contact angle increases by 25°). Classical environmental crazing of PET films is accompanied by the formation of an anisotropic surface relief which is an assembly of crazes oriented perpendicular to the direction of tensile drawing, thus leading to the phenomenon of anisotropic wetting. The proposed approach for structural surface modification makes it possible to use the advantages of surface instability and spontaneous self‐organization of the polymer towards the development of a unique surface microrelief. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry     

Surface wettability and flow properties of non-metallic pipes in laminar flow

In this paper, three liquids flowing in five pipes with the same inner diameter of 14 mm were studied to determine the relationship between the surface wettability and flow properties in laminar flow(Re b 2000). This was motivated by oilfield observations of increased pressure drops in non-metallic pipes compared to those in metal pipes,which was contrary to expectations. A new expression for the frictional coefficient that considers the Reynolds number and contact angle θ in laminar flow for non-metallic pipes was proposed based on the experimental results of single-phase flow using dimension and regression analyses. The solutions of the anomalous phenomenon were proposed from the perspectives of the pipe diameter, contact-angle difference, and the compatibility between flexible composite pipe and JLHW105 oil according to the new formula. The surprising finding was that the surface wettability could control the frictional resistance by the critical contact angle(39.9°) obtained at the same Reynolds number. If 0° b θ≤ 39.9°, the frictional coefficient increased as the contact angle increased. In contrast, if 39.9° b θ b 180°,the frictional coefficient decreased with increasing contact angle. The influences of the pipe diameter and contactangle difference on the pressure drop difference of JLHW105 oil showed an inversely proportional relation. A series of materials and liquids were tested. The selection of pipe material for transporting a given fluid can be based on the contact angle, surface tension, and critical limit of the contact angle obtained. The research results are expected to provide some guidelines for the selection of the appropriate pipe material for a given set of fluids.     

含环氧基氟树脂防腐涂层的制备及性能

用全氟己烷乙基丙烯酸酯和甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯共聚得到含环氧基的氟树脂,同时以全氟聚醚醇和二乙胺、聚醚胺为原料,分别制备了两种胺类固化剂。利用FTIR表征了氟树脂及固化剂的结构。将质量分数为1%(以涂覆剂整体质量计)的氟树脂涂覆在铜板表面并固化成膜,用水接触角、中性盐雾测试、EIS、极化曲线等方法研究了涂层对铜板的防腐蚀性能。结果表明,铜板表面氟树脂F-X的接触角均在120°以上,F-6(PFHEAc与GMA质量比为6∶4)与F-5(PFHEAc与GMA质量比为5∶5)系列的涂层耐盐雾腐蚀时间可达24 h以上,是市售电子涂布液EGC-1702的2倍,F-5系列氟树脂涂层阻抗模值可达到639.08?,而涂层EGC-1702阻抗模值只有317.42Ω。F-6系列氟树脂腐蚀前后的腐蚀电流密度仅从1.201×10–4 A增大为2.649×10–4 A,经EIS和极化曲线分析表明合成的氟树脂耐腐蚀性优异。热重分析表明,涂层的热分解温度高于330℃,热稳定性良好。     

不同相对湿度下亲疏水纳米纤维膜空气过滤性能实验研究

利用静电纺丝法制备了表面静态接触角为23.6°的具有亲水功能的PAN/PVP复合纳米纤维膜、接触角为81.2°的PAN纳米纤维膜、接触角为131.9°的具有疏水功能的PAN/PVDF复合纳米纤维膜。利用自行搭建的空气过滤实验台,在40%、55%、70%三种相对湿度下对三种纳米纤维膜进行空气过滤实验,对纳米纤维膜的过滤效率、阻力损失及品质因子进行分析。结果表明：三种纳米纤维膜的过滤效率随着相对湿度的增大而升高,PAN/PVP膜和PAN膜的阻力损失随着相对湿度的增大而增加,PAN/PVDF的阻力损失随着相对湿度的增大而减小;PAN/PVP膜和PAN膜的品质因子随着相对湿度的增大而减小,PAN/PVDF膜的品质因子随着相对湿度的增大而增大,湿度越大,PAN/PVDF纳米纤维膜的过滤性能越显著。     

高压甲铵洗涤器防爆板连接方式改造

介绍美荷型480kt/a尿素装置高压甲铵洗涤器管程防爆板连接方式改造,防爆板采用"整体式+螺栓紧固"方式,其优点:不再采用焊接形式、减少防爆板拆装施工步骤、节省检修施工时间和降低设备检查成本等。     

钛制设备的设计与制造

介绍了钛材的化学、物理性能、力学性能以及耐腐蚀性能,并根据醋酸乙烯装置中钛制设备的设计实例,阐述了钛制换热器和塔器的结构设计特点、技术要求、以及加工、焊接及热处理工艺.     

Silicate-based polymer-nanocomposite membranes for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells have emerged as a promising emission free technology to fulfill the existing power requirements of the 21st century. Nafion^® is the most widely accepted and commercialized membrane to date and possesses excellent electrochemical properties below 80 °C, under highly humidified conditions. However, a decrease in the proton conductivity of Nafion^® above 80 °C and lower humidity along with high membrane cost has prompted the development of new membranes and techniques. Addition of inorganic fillers, especially silicate-based nanomaterials, to the polymer membrane was utilized to partially overcome the aforementioned limitations. This is because of the lower cost, easy availability, high hydrophilicity and higher thermal stability of the inorganic silicates. Addition of silicates to the polymer membrane has also improved the mechanical, thermal and barrier properties, along with water uptake of the composite membranes, resulting in superior performance at higher temperature compared to that of the virgin membrane. However, the degrees of dispersion and interaction between the organic polymer and inorganic silicates play vital roles in improving the key properties of the membranes. Hence, different techniques and solvent media were used to improve the degrees of nanofiller dispersion and the physico-chemical properties of the membranes. This review focuses mainly on the techniques of silicate-based nanocomposite fabrication and the resulting impact on the membrane properties.     

δ-Al2O3-R141b纳米流体的池内核态沸腾传热特性

对δ-Al₂O₃-R141b纳米流体在0.1 MPa系统压力下进行了池内沸腾传热性能测试。沸腾表面为2000^#砂纸打磨的光滑紫铜表面,沸腾热通量为30～130 kW·m^-2,纳米流体的体积浓度为0.1%、0.01%、0.001%。实验表明纳米流体强化了沸腾传热特性,且强化倍数随着纳米流体浓度的增加而增大。体积浓度为0.1%时,沸腾传热系数比基液增大了50.2%。分析认为表面颗粒沉积是强化换热的主要因素,而接触角的变化在此可以忽略。与Rohsenow关联式相比较,纯液体和较低浓度的纳米流体的实验数据与关联式吻合较好,相对误差最大不超过13%,高浓度时吻合较差关联式不再适用。