非对称双子季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂的合成及性能

以十二烷基二甲基叔胺、盐酸、环氧氯丙烷为原料,合成了中间体N-(3-氯-2-羟丙基)-N,N-二甲基十二烷基氯化铵,后与3种不同烷基链长的长链烷基叔胺反应,得到3种非对称Gemini季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂(Ⅰ～Ⅲ)。通过IR光谱,1HNMR确证了中间体及目的产物的结构。测定了产物的临界胶束浓度cmc及γcmc。cmc分别为1 07×10-3mol·dm-3、1 99×10-3mol·dm-3和9 55×10-3mol·dm-3,γcmc分别为40 9mN·m-1、48 0mN·m-1和50 9mN·m-1。结果表明:所合成的非对称Gemini季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂具有较高的表面活性。     

Rheology of Quaternary Ammonium Gemini Surfactant Solutions: Effects of Surfactant Concentration and Counterions

To prepare high‐performance clean fracturing fluids, cationic surfactants with a Gemini structure were synthesized as thickening agents. Distinct elastic characteristics at a sweep frequency of 0.1–10 Hz and shear resistance at high temperature were shown. Viscosity remained at about 150 mPa s after shearing for 60 min at 140 °C and 170 s^?1. Stability investigation on cationic Gemini surfactant solution revealed that both viscosity and viscoelasticity were greatly affected by the surfactant concentration, temperature, and the amount of inorganic salt (potassium chloride). Complete formulation of a surfactant micelle structure in an aqueous solution requires a certain amount of time.     

Gemini Surfactants Foam Formation Ability and Foam Stability Depends on Spacer Length

A series of cationic gemini surfactants containing different spacer length were synthesized and analyzed structurally. It was shown that the surface tension (σ) and critical micelle concentration (CMC), which had a maximum for the n-C₄H₈ spacer depended on the spacer length. The foaming ability and foam stability are high for the gemini surfactants with short spacers (C₂H₄ to n-C₄H₈), while longer spacers lead to a distinct decrease of these foam parameters. Foaming properties are discussed in terms of configuration and conformation of a surfactant molecule and in relation to micellization state kinetic.     

Gemini trisiloxane surfactant: Synthesis and flotation of aluminosilicate minerals

In this paper, an amino-trisiloxane Gemini cationic surfactant, butane-1,4-bis(dimethyl-(3-(3-aminopropyl trisiloxane-3-yl)-propyl)-ammonium bromide) (BBAB) was prepared, and its flotation potential was assessed on kaolinite, pyrophyllite and illite minerals. The flotation results showed that changes to the pulp pH did not significantly influence BBAB’s collecting power in floating three aluminosilicate minerals. In addition, BBAB was a stronger collector than the conventional monomeric surfactant dedecyl trimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) or dodecylamine (DDA). The results of FTIR spectra, zeta potential measurements and density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicated that the interaction of BBAB with the three aluminosilicates was mainly through electrostatic attraction. BBAB’s unique properties, such as high positive grouping Mulliken charge of –CH₂N⁺(CH₃)₂(CH₂)₄(CH₃)₂N⁺CH₂–, and “parachute” shape structure of [(CH₃)₃SiO]₂SiCH₃, resulted in superior collecting powers for the aluminosilicate minerals.     

Gemini微乳液的制备与微相结构研究

采用Gemini表面活性剂C_(12)-3-C_(12_)2Br与水、正辛烷和正丁醇制备了不同相结构的微乳液,绘制了拟三元相图,并通过电导法、偏光显微镜以及荧光探针法研究了Gemini微乳液体系的相结构与相行为。结果表明:与常规表面活性剂相比,采用Gemini表面活性剂可在较低浓度下形成微乳液,微乳液中依然存在油包水、双连续相结构及水包油等微相结构。微乳液中存在油丝液晶织构,而Gemini表面活性剂的独特分子结构使微乳液中层状液晶结构更易生成。认为微乳液体系所处的多变微观环境是导致不同微相结构微乳液的微极性存在差异的主要原因。     

阴离子型Gemini表面活性剂的合成与表征

以乙二胺、癸酸、三氯化磷、2-溴乙基磺酸钠为原料制备了阴离子型Gemini表面活性剂乙撑-双(N-乙磺酸-十酰胺)钠盐,并对产品相关性能进行了表征,结果表明,该双子表面活性剂25 ℃时的表面张力为32.0 mN/m,临界胶束浓度为5.21×10-4 mol/L,表现出较高的表面活性.     

以聚氧乙烯醚为连接基的烷基苯磺酸钠Gemini表面活性剂的合成和表面活性

 以脂肪酸、苯酚、聚乙二醇为原料,经酰化反应、酯化反应、Fries重排、氢化还原反应、磺化以及中和反应等步骤,合成出一系列含有不同长度聚氧乙烯醚中间连接基团（-(CH2CH2O)x-, x =1, 2, 3, 4, 8）的长链烷基苯磺酸钠Gemini表面活性剂。采用FT-IR、1H NMR 和电喷雾质谱(ESI-MS)对产物进行了结构鉴定。以Wilhelmy-plate法测定了该系列表面活性剂纯水溶液在30℃时的表面张力。结果表明,纯水溶液中表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度 (CMC) 数量级达到10-4 mol/L,临界胶束浓度下的表面张力 ( cmc) 在30~40 mN/m范围;随着中间连接基团长度(x = 1, 2, 3, 4, 8) 的增加,CMC先降低后升高,依次为5.94×10-4、1.88×10-4、1.16×10-4、1.12×10-4、5.18×10-4 mol/L;同时 cmc逐渐降低,分别为36.88、39.17、38.93、37.85、32.02 mN/m。此类表面活性剂具有比较好的表面活性。     

驱油用耐温抗盐表面活性剂的研究进展

综述了国内外表面活性剂复配体系、阴离子-非离子两性表面活性剂和双子型(Gemini)表面活性剂3类驱油用耐温抗盐表面活性剂的研究进展情况,指出阴离子-非离子两性表面活性剂和新型Gemini表面活性剂是具有良好应有前景的高温、高盐油藏用表面活性剂,而且通过与石油磺酸盐和羧酸盐等廉价的表面活性剂进行复配使用,可以降低驱油成本。