Sustaining person-environment fit with a changing workforce

Data on health and lifestyle from the Naval service cohort study of occupational stress form the background to a discussion of employee health and the sustainability of a healthy workforce in relation to secular changes – in particular, the increasing prevalence of obesity. One thousand two hundred and forty-one Naval personnel returned questionnaires in 2007 and 2011 and reported their body mass index (BMI), alcohol consumption and smoking, general health and health conditions such as back pain and high blood pressure on both occasions. Health risk due to high BMI and waist circumference in 2011 was predicted by low participation in exercise in 2007. Those performing physically demanding work in 2007 were more likely to be in the ‘no risk’ category in 2011. High BMI in 2007 was associated with the development of back pain, musculoskeletal conditions and high blood pressure in 2011. The findings are discussed in relation to two aspects of sustainability: the sustainability of current ergonomics practice in relation to health and safety; and the role of ergonomics in sustaining a healthy and productive workforce.

Practitioner Summary: Evidence is presented for the benefits of exercise in sustaining employee health and for an association between a high BMI and a number of common health complaints that have traditionally been tackled through workplace ergonomics. This evidence can be used to support the development of workplace design concepts that promote physical activity.     

Exercising your brain: A review of human brain plasticity and training-induced learning.

Human beings have an amazing capacity to learn new skills and adapt to new environments. However, several obstacles remain to be overcome in designing paradigms to broadly improve quality of life. Arguably, the most notable impediment to this goal is that learning tends to be quite specific to the trained regimen and does not transfer to even qualitatively similar tasks. This severely limits the potential benefits of learning to daily life. This review discusses training regimens that lead to the acquisition of new knowledge and strategies that can be used flexibly across a range of tasks and contexts. Possible characteristics of training regimens are proposed that may be responsible for augmented learning, including the manner in which task difficulty is progressed, the motivational state of the learner, and the type of feedback the training provides. When maximally implemented in rehabilitative paradigms, these characteristics may greatly increase the efficacy of training. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Determinants of exercise intention and behavior during and after phase 2 cardiac rehabilitation: An application of the theory of planned behavior.

Objective: To evaluate the theory of planned behavior (TPB) as a framework for understanding exercise motivation during and after Phase 2 cardiac rehabilitation (CR). Design and Participants: Patients (57 men and 24 women) completed a TPB questionnaire that included attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and exercise intentions pre- and post-Phase 2 CR. Results: During Phase 2 CR, regression analyses indicated that attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control (PBC) explained 38% of the variance in exercise intention while intention explained 23% of the variance in exercise adherence. At postrehabilitation follow-up, attitudes, subjective norm, and PBC explained 51 % of the variance in exercise intention while intention explained 23% of the variance in exercise adherence. Conclusion: The TPB is a useful framework for understanding exercise intentions and behavior both during and after Phase 2 CR. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Targeting Mitochondria in Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes (T2D), one of the most prevalent noncommunicable diseases, is often preceded by insulin resistance (IR), which underlies the inability of tissues to respond to insulin and leads to disturbed metabolic homeostasis. Mitochondria, as a central player in the cellular energy metabolism, are involved in the mechanisms of IR and T2D. Mitochondrial function is affected by insulin resistance in different tissues, among which skeletal muscle and liver have the highest impact on whole-body glucose homeostasis. This review focuses on human studies that assess mitochondrial function in liver, muscle and blood cells in the context of T2D. Furthermore, different interventions targeting mitochondria in IR and T2D are listed, with a selection of studies using respirometry as a measure of mitochondrial function, for better data comparison. Altogether, mitochondrial respiratory capacity appears to be a metabolic indicator since it decreases as the disease progresses but increases after lifestyle (exercise) and pharmacological interventions, together with the improvement in metabolic health. Finally, novel therapeutics developed to target mitochondria have potential for a more integrative therapeutic approach, treating both causative and secondary defects of diabetes.     

上海地区保障性住房绿色建筑关键技术及示范应用研究

保障性住房的大力建设为绿色建筑的推广提供了良好的契机,结合保障性住房绿色建筑的设计原则,从节地、节能、节水、节材、室内环境及运营管理6个方面,提出适用于上海地区保障性住房的绿色建筑技术,同时选取动迁安置住房、公共租赁住房及保障性住房中的配套公建三类保障性住房项目进行示范应用。     

T 波峰-末间期、T 波峰-末间期离散度与心肌缺血的关系

目的：对冠心病患者 T 波峰-末间期（Tp-Te 间期）和 Tp-Te 离散度（Tp-Ted）进行测定,探讨心肌缺血与Tp-Te 间期、心室肌跨壁复极离散度的关系,寻找一种便捷的观察指标。方法选择2010年1月至2012年6月在南昌大学第二附属医院做平板运动试验阳性,并住院行冠状动脉造影证实存在冠状动脉狭窄的冠心病患者56例（冠心病组）及健康体检者（行平板运动试验阴性者）56例（正常对照组）,分别测量2组 Tp-Te 间期和 Tp-Ted。结果与正常对照组比较,冠心病组 Tp-Te 间期显著延长,Tp-Ted 明显增大（P ＜0．05）。结论心肌缺血时,Tp-Te间期和 Tp-Ted 均增大,Tp-Te 间期和 Tp-Ted 可作为反映跨壁复极离散度的无创性指标。     

有氧运动联合补充D-核糖对小鼠抗疲劳和抗氧化的作用

研究有氧运动联合补充D-核糖对小鼠抗疲劳和抗氧化酶活性的影响,将小鼠分为安静对照组、有氧运动对照组、D-核糖对照组、D-核糖+有氧运动组。有氧运动组进行每周进行6 d的有氧跑台训练,D-核糖组每日每只灌胃2 mL核糖（300 mg/100 g）,通过12周的规律性有氧跑台训练后,建立小鼠负重游泳抗疲劳动物模型,分别记录小鼠负重力竭游泳时间,并测定小鼠体内肝糖原（hepaticr glycogen,HG）、肌糖原（muscle glycogen,MG）、血糖（blood glucose）、血尿素氮（blood urea nitrogen,BUN）、血乳酸( bloodlactic acid,BLA）、丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）含量和总抗氧化能力（total antioxidant capacity,T-AOC）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物歧化酶（glutathione peroxide dismutase,GSH-Px）、超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）、过氧化氢酶（catalase,CAT）等活力。结果表明,与安静对照组相比,有氧运动对照组、D-核糖对照组、D-核糖+有氧运动组小鼠负重游泳时间显著增加（P<0.05）,同时显著提高了小鼠体内肝糖原、肌糖原和血糖含量（P<0.05）,并降低了体内血尿素氮和血乳酸含量（P<0.05）。另外,其抗氧化活性结果表明,与安静对照组相比,有氧运动对照组、D-核糖对照组、D-核糖+有氧运动组的T-AOC均增强,SOD、CAT、GSH-Px活性也都显著升高（P<0.05）,MDA则显著降低（P<0.05）。说明长期规律的有氧运动联合补充D-核糖能显著提高机体内肝糖原、肌糖原、血糖含量和氧化应激能力,提高机体抗疲劳作用。     

浅谈模具设计与制造专业教学与生产过程中的对接

依据高职教育工学结合思想,模具设计与制造专业教师通过深度的教育观念转变、高标准的顶岗锻炼,在严格的考核制度和资金大力支持下,成功实现了教学过程与生产过程对接。     

Effects of exercising before versus after eating on dieting and exercise evaluations: A preliminary investigation.

Psychological processes may play a role in the evaluation of the effectiveness of exercise and subsequent food intake. In order to further investigate this phenomenon, the effects of the timing of exercise relative to an eating opportunity were evaluated. Female undergraduate participants who were of average weight and did not exercise regularly were randomly assigned to one of three conditions (exercise before eating [n = 10], exercise after eating [n = 11], or no exercise [n = 12]). Expectations of the effectiveness of the exercise, value of dieting, and intake were assessed. Participants who exercised after eating had higher expectations of the effectiveness of the exercise than those who exercised before eating, while those who exercised before eating reported valuing dieting more than controls. No effects on intake emerged; therefore, there appears to be a disconnect between dieting appraisals and actual eating behaviour. The results are discussed in relation to theories on conflicting goals. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

实验设计在企业产品开发中的应用

介绍企业运用实验设计的思路和理论依据。以健身器械用钢丝绳新产品开发为实例,对实验设计在生产实践中的应用进行介绍,讨论在企业生产过程中如何有效利用现有质量工具,以便找到更有效的生产过程控制和工艺选择。