Refinery-wide control loop performance assessment

This paper discusses the application of control loop performance assessment (CLPA) in a refinery setting. The CLPA algorithm has several parameters that have to be adjusted correctly to give the best results. Procedures are described for selecting these parameters which make it feasible to implement the algorithm on a refinery-wide scale. We report practical experiences with the use of the techniques.     

High-resolution wind-driven rain measurements on a low-rise building—experimental data for model development and model validation

With the specific intention to provide experimental data for model development and model validation, a new measurement setup for wind, rain and wind-driven rain (WDR) has been designed and installed at the Laboratory of Building Physics (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven). This paper focuses on the new measurement setup and on the obtained measurement results. The CFD-based design and the installation of the measurement setup are outlined and samples of the database containing the wind, rain and high-resolution WDR measurements are provided and discussed. This paper also provides the link to a website from which the experimental WDR database can be downloaded. Finally, the use of these data to determine WDR coefficients and their use in WDR assessment are briefly addressed.     

PFC emission‐reduction strategy for the LCD industry

Abstract— The perfluorocarbons (PFCs) used as etching‐process and chamber‐cleaning gases in the manufacture of LCD devices have a high global‐warming potential and a long atmospheric lifetime. Thus, to voluntarily reduce these environmentally harmful PFCs, in 2001 the Japanese LCD association established the World LCD Industry Cooperation Committee (WLICC), together with its counterpart associations in the Republic of Korea and Taiwan. Since that time involving many discussions, the WLICC reached a consensus on reducing the aggregate absolute PFC emissions to the equivalent of less than 0.82 million metric tons of carbon by 2010. Each association has been taking whatever emission reduction steps it considers best to achieve this goal. Thanks to these measures, the PFC emissions from the Japanese LCD industry have remained at the same level, or less, than those of the year 2000, in spite of the fact that PFC purchases have continually increased. In the interim, the Japanese LCD association has been obtaining experimental data for the 2006 IPCC Inventory Guidelines, which will give the emission factors needed to estimate the PFC emissions. As a result, some data are quite different from emission factors given in the current 2000 Inventory Guidelines. All the data obtained have been submitted to the IPCC to be adopted in the new 2006 Guidelines.     

Autobahnbrücken mit mangelhaften Schutzplanken – Zur Gefahr von Lkw‐Durchbrüchen

Schutzeinrichtungen am Rand von Autobahnbrücken sollen Durchbruch und Absturz von Fahrzeugen verhindern. Die Zielsetzung ist ehemals durch Unfälle auf Talbrücken der Sauerlandlinie verdeutlicht und durch den folgenreichen Unfall auf der Wiehltalbrücke verschärft worden. Eine erneute Häufung von Lkw‐Durchbrüchen verweist auf unzureichende Richtlinien und untaugliche Absturzsicherungen. Das Unfallgeschehen der letzten Jahre zwingt zu Sorgfalt bei der Anwendung von Schutzeinrichtungen, Regelungen und Prüfverfahren. Nicht zuletzt auf Autobahnbrücken müssen die Randbedingungen der Verkehrssituation entsprechen. Highway bridges with inadequate guardrails – breakthroughs of trucks in sight. Safety devices at the borders of highway bridges are to prevent vehicles from breakthrough and crash. By accidents on viaducts of Sauerland‐route the objective has been demonstrated formerly and it was intensified by the momentous accident on Wiehltal viaduct in 2004. A recent amount of trucks breaking through guardrails is indicating insufficient guidelines as well as inadequate devices against plunge. The occurrence of accidents during last years forces careful application of safety devices, guidelines, and methods of testing. Not least on highway bridges conditions at the borders must correspond with the traffic situation.     

美国三座城市的设计审查制度比较研究——波特兰、西雅图、旧金山

设计审查制度是美国城市开发控制体系中针对城市形态、环境质量等城市设计问题的控制政策。设计审查以区划法为法律平台，以设计导则为评判依据。本文以波特兰、西雅图，旧金山三座城市的设计审查制度为例，对三座城市的设计审查制度的程序、参与人员、决策过程、审查标准等方面的基本情况进行了比较研究。     

ASSESSING AND MANAGING THE RISKS OF PATHOGEN TRANSFER FROM LIVESTOCK MANURES INTO THE FOOD CHAIN

A review was undertaken of (a) the levels and prevalence of Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli 0157. Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia intestinalis in livestock manure, and (b) factors which affect their survival during storage and following land application. Pathogens are commonly present in livestock manures and can survive in soil for several months or years after spreading or excretion onto land. Temperature was identified as being the most important factor influencing pathogen survival, although pH, UV light and drying were also important. Various practical measures to minimise the risk of pathogen transfer into the food chain were identified, including treatment, extended storage and no/harvest periods following land spreading. Guidelines are being developed on managing farm manures to minimise the risks of microbiological contamination of ready-to-eat crops.     

生态空间与容量约束下城市空间增长研究 ——以贵阳市花溪区为例

综合考虑快速增长的刚性需求、提 质发展的客观要求以及山水生态环境保护 的现实条件,是确保西部山地城市健康、快 速发展需解决的关键问题。本文在分析生 态敏感性、生态承载力的研究方法及其作 用特征的基础上,设计了整合生态敏感性空 间约束、生态承载力容量约束的城市空间规 划技术方法。以贵阳市花溪区为实证,从规 模容量控制、空间格局规划以及管控指引等 方面示范了相应的技术方法,明确了其发展 规模和空间,并提出了控制要点。     

城市设计导则的科学意义

城市设计导则是现代城市设计的一种重要成果表达方式,其目的在于引导土地的合理利用,保障生活环境的优良品质,促进城市空间的有序发展,同时为政府和规划管理部门提供一种长效的技术管理支持。作者试图从技术观、自然观和方法论三个层面探讨其科学性所在,并对我国导则的运作作一个简要的分析。     

设计准则与行为动机

该文认为：建造活动的目的是满足人的需求,所以“适用、经济、美观”仍然是目前建筑设计应坚持的准则。需求的多样性产生不同的行为动机,而“适用”的实质即是符合行为动机,因此,动机满意度应成为设计优劣的一个基本评判要点。