Presenting map information on a global positioning system

A Global Positioning System (GPS) in an automobile can provide navigational information for identifying the current location of the driver and helping him determine a desirable route to the destination. This study examined two critical factors in designing the electronic map on the GPS. The rotation and movement methods of the map were manipulated in a simulated driving environment. Three usability measures (arrival time, navigation inefficiency, and map reading time) were collected and analyzed. The results showed that the usability of the map was largely dependent upon the movement method in terms of the arrival time. It was also dependent upon the rotation method and the interaction between the rotation and movement method in terms of the map reading time. Design guidelines are suggested based on the experimental results.     

Accomplishing universal access through system reachability—a management perspective

The aim of this paper is to describe the need of a method by which we can estimate the return on accessibility investments in information technology (IT) systems. This paper reveals some of the reasons why accessibility still is a secondhand criterion when designing digital services. It also describes the authors experiences regarding the concept of accessibility and how it must develop in order to obtain the status of a basic business criterion for the benefit of disabled people who are currently excluded from public services and labour markets. The paper also questions the need of a separate accessibility standard. Additionally, we discuss some of the hindering in the market and limiting perspectives that are blocking further development. One of the problems in the market seems to be that accessibility as a concept has been more of an issue about creating equal opportunities and therefore probably does not have the quality of a business criterion. In order to bridge that gap, we argue for replacing accessibility with reachability, which is a concept based on a measure used by media when estimating the reached percentage of a population or target group.     

Methods for human-computer interaction research with older people

Experimental research in human - computer interaction commonly uses participant groups that are unrepresentative of demographic realities, being young, technically knowledgeable and highly educated. One way of reflecting society more accurately in research is to include older adults in research groups, but the elicitation of high-quality data from these participants requires alterations in research methods and organization. In the present paper, methodological and organizational experiences from a range of research studies with older participants are reported. It concludes with a list of guidelines for maximizing the research outcomes of working with older adults.     

Automatic inspection-based support for obtaining usable Web sites for vision-impaired users

The aim of this work is to provide designers and developers of Web applications with support to obtain systems that are usable for vision-impaired users. To this end, a number of design criteria to improve Web site navigation through screen readers or other similar devices have been defined. A user test by blind and vision-impaired subjects showed that such criteria improve Web site usability both qualitatively and quantitatively. An inspection-based tool has been developed to ease the application of the defined criteria. Its main features are presented in this article along with examples of applications and related discussion.     

《世界地质公园网络工作指南》保护开发原则解析

由联合国教科文组织支持的地质公园网络是力图保护具有代表性的地质遗迹的全球体系。该网络源于20世纪80—90年代对地质遗迹保护的重视,最终形成于21世纪初。与已发展较成熟的《保护世界文化和自然遗产公约》计划和“美国国家公园体系”相比,世界地质公园具有保护地质遗迹与服务当地经济、改善当地人生活条件和农村环境、发挥教育科普功能以及尊重所属国主权相结合的特点。本文以《世界地质公园网络工作指南》为基础,结合中国的实际情况对联合国教科文组织确定的开发保护原则进行了全面分析,并提出用行政手段、法律手段和经济手段等对地质公园的保护与开发进行协调。     

英国的“规划指引”及其对我国城市规划管理的借鉴意义

英国的“规划指引”是中央政府主管部门制定的关于城市发展和城市规划的政笼要求和建议。城市规划立法辅以“规划指引”，使得规划管理中既有宏观的引导，叉有针对性的要求；既有确定性的羁束控制，又有指导性的引导和服务。本文首先介绍和分析英国的“规划指引”，继而说明在我国城市规划管理体系中引入“规划指引”的必要性，并探讨“规划指引”在规划体系中的地位、作用、类别以及制定主体等问题。     

FDA's public health goals in evaluating health claims

Scientific developments have increased awareness of possible links between diet and health within the scientific community and in the general public and have generated interest in the use of disease‐related health claims on food labels. The enactment of the Nutrition, Labeling, and Education Act for the first time authorizes such claims if they are claims approved by FDA. From FDA's perspective, it is imperative that statements regarding potential health benefits of changes in nutrient intake also take into consideration potential health risk. The ultimate goal must be to capitalize on available scientific evidence and the communication capacity of the food label to assist the consumer in constructing healthier diets.     

Reconfiguring and ramping-up ventilator production in the face of COVID-19: Can robots help?

As the COVID-19 pandemic expands, the shortening of medical equipment is swelling. A key piece of equipment getting far-out attention has been ventilators. The difference between supply and demand is substantial to be handled with normal production techniques, especially under social distancing measures in place. The study explores the rationale of human-robot teams to ramp up production using advantages of both the ease of integration and maintaining social distancing. The paper presents a model for faster integration of collaborative robots and design guidelines for workstations. The scenario is evaluated for an open source ventilator through continuous human-robot simulation and amplification of results in a discrete event simulation.     

The need for a standard procedure in hot-salt corrosion testing: Guidelines for hot-salt corrosion burner rig tests

The results of burner rig hot-salt corrosion testing of alloys for use in gas turbines reported in other papers published in this issue are briefly reviewed, and the need for standardlzatlOn of test procedures is established. Guidelines for testing had been previously proposed and these are presented in this paper. It is intended to conduct a round-robin test using these Guidelines and the arrangements for this test are also described. Preliminary results obtained by some participants are summarized and considered in terms of the currently drafted Guidelines. Information contained in the papers published in this issue suggest that the Guidelines will need modification and further changes may well result when the detailed assessment of the results of the round-robin test is available.     

香港新市镇建设经验和反思

香港新市镇建设相比西方大城市而言对我国内地城市更有借鉴意义。本文首先介绍了香港新市镇的发展历程,然后具体分析了新市镇建设的指导原则,最后对现今面临的问题加以总结,以期对我国内地城市提供有益参考。