Development of Solar Spectroradiometer for Meteorological Observation

A new generation of solar spectroradiometerhas been developed by CUST/JRSI to improve solarirradiance observation data underhyperspectral resolution. It is based on the grating spectroradiometer with a back-thinned CCD linear image sensor and is operated in a hermetically sealed enclosure. The solar spectroradiometer is designed to measure the solar spectral irradiance from 300nm to 1100nm wavelength range with the spectral resolution of 2nm (the full width at half maximum). The optical bench is optimized to minimize stray light. The Peltier device is used to stabilize the temperature of CCD sensor to 25℃, while the change of temperature of CCD sensor is controlled to ±1℃ by the dedicated Peltierdriver and control circuit.     

基于高光谱的单粒小麦籽水分分布预测

为预测单粒小麦籽的含水量,将小麦籽分成折痕向上(记为A面)和折痕向下(记为B面)进行高光谱扫描,建立4种预测模型,记为MA、MB、MC和MD。其中,模型MA与MB分别由A与B面单粒小麦籽的光谱构成,模型MC由A与B面的平均光谱构成,模型MD由A与B面的光谱混合而成。利用偏最小二乘回归法对这4种模型进行比较,结果表明:模型MD具有最佳预测效果,对于模型MD,经过1阶微分和标准正态变换预处理后,其预测集的均方根误差为1.36%,相关系数为0.90。同时利用高光谱成像技术还可以获得整盘单粒小麦籽的水分分布图,分布图能定位水分不正常的粒籽,为研究自动剔除水分异常的单粒小麦籽提供参考。     

Designment and Assessment of Far-Red Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence Retrieval Method for the Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Inventory Satellite

Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence (SIF),which is emitted by photosystem during photosynthesis under natural illumination,carries important information of actual photosynthesis of plants.Spaceborne remote sensing of SIF provides an unprecedented opportunity for monitoring global photosynthesis at regional to global scales.Up to date,in-orbit operational spaceborne sensors that are available for SIF retrieval are originally designed for atmosphere monitoring.The hyperspectral sensor onboard Chinese Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Inventory Satellite (CTECS) is expected to be the first operational spaceborne sensor that is specifically designed for sensing SIF from space (scheduled to be launched around 2020,2 years before the Fluorescence Explorer (FLEX) Mission).Data-driven approach has been selected as the main algorithm for far-red SIF retrieval for CTECS,but is to be refined and assessed according to sensor specifications (e.g.spectral resolution and signal-to-noise ratio).In this context,this study aims to improve the designment of far-red SIF retrieval method for CTECS.based on end-to-end simulation,we evaluate the precision and accuracy of SIF retrieval in several potential windows.We then analyze the sensitivity of SIF retrieval to number of features (nv) and fluorescence spectral shape function (hF) in the forward model in different windows.Results show that a broader fitting window increases retrieval precision,but is accompanied with lower accuracy and stronger sensitivity to nv and hF.Considering both retrieval precision and accuracy,the window of 735~758 nm with nv set to 6 and hFset as single peak Gaussian function (μ=740 nm and σ=30 nm) is selected as optimal fitting window for CTECS.SIF retrieval results based on proximal and airborne remote sensing data demonstrate the feasibility and reasonability of the designed method.Our results provide an important reference for far-red SIF retrieval for CTECS.     

Real-time pixel based early apple bruise detection using short wave infrared hyperspectral imaging in combination with calibration and glare correction techniques

High speed data processing for online food quality inspection using hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is challenging as over hundred spectral images have to be analyzed simultaneously. In this study, a real-time pixel based early apple bruise detection system based on HSI in the shortwave infrared (SWIR) range has been developed. This systems consists of a novel, homogeneous SWIR illumination unit and a line scan camera. The system performance was tested on Jonagold apples bruised less than two hours before scanning. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis was used to discriminate bruised pixel spectra from sound pixel spectra. As the glossiness of many fruit and vegetables limits the accuracy in the detection of defects, several reflectance calibrations and pre-processing techniques were compared for glare correction and maximizing the signal to noise ratio. With the best combination of first derivative and mean centering, followed by image post-processing, this system was able to detect fresh bruises in thirty apples with 98% accuracy at the pixel level with a processing time per apple below 200 ms.     

On the dimensionality of multi-view hyperspectral measurements of vegetation

This note investigates the structure of two data sets of highly resolved directional-reflectance of vegetation canopies, obtained with a spectroradiometer mounted on a goniometer. One canopy was a grass lawn (largely erectophile) and the other was of watercress (largely planophile). The data sets consist of radiance measurements in 356 spectral bands in visible and near-infrared wavelengths, and in either 61 or 358 different directions, but avoiding directions very close to the hot-spot. The singular value decompositions of the two-dimensional data sets are used to investigate their intrinsic dimensionality, and so also the redundancy contained in the data. A single directional function and a single spectral function together fit the data quite well in a least squares sense, with the root mean square residual amounting to one part in a hundred of the total sum of squares of the data. However, the residuals indicate that one or two further pairs of functions are needed to characterize the systematic variation of spectral reflectance with direction (or equivalently, of the angular reflectance distribution with wavelength). Three such pairs of functions are found to fit the data to better than one part in a thousand, with the residuals then showing no systematic structure. The consequences for atmospheric correction of multi-view remote sensing data are discussed.     

Non-destructive detection of blackspot in potatoes by Vis-NIR and SWIR hyperspectral imaging

Blackspot is a subsurface potato damage resulting from impacts during harvesting. This type of bruising represents substantial economic losses every year. As the tubers do not show external symptoms, bruise detection in potatoes is not straightforward. Therefore, a nondestructive and accurate method capable of identifying bruised tubers is needed. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has been shown to be able to detect other subsurface defects such as bruises in apples. This method is nondestructive, fast and can be fully automated. Therefore, its potential for non-destructive detection of blackspot in potatoes has been investigated in this study. Two HSI setups were used, one ranging from 400 to 1000 nm, named Visible-Near Infrared (Vis-NIR) and another covering the 1000–2500 nm range, called Short Wave Infrared (SWIR). 188 samples belonging to 3 different varieties were divided in two groups. Bruises were manually induced and samples were analyzed 1, 5, 9 and 24 h after bruising. PCA, SIMCA and PLS-DA were used to build classifiers. The PLS-DA model performed better than SIMCA, achieving an overall correct classification rate above 94% for both hyperspectral setups. Furthermore, more accurate results were obtained with the SWIR setup at the tuber level (98.56 vs. 95.46% CC), allowing the identification of early bruises within 5 h after bruising. Moreover, the pixel based PLS- DA model achieved better results in the SWIR setup in terms of correctly classified samples (93.71 vs. 90.82% CC) suggesting that it is possible to detect blackspot areas in each potato tuber with high accuracy.     

重金属污染土壤植物修复效果评价方法 ——高光谱遥感

重金属污染土壤修复是当今全球生态修复中面临的一项难题。植物修复因其成本低、环保等优点在重金属污染土壤治理中展现出良好的应用前景。高光谱遥感技术可以高效、无损、实时地获取植物的生理生化参数信息，可为评价植物修复效果提供技术支撑。阐述了高光谱遥感技术在重金属污染土壤植物修复中的应用进展，探讨了高光谱遥感反演植被理化参数含量的估算模型，并对基于微分光谱、基于“三边”参数、基于植被指数等估算模型进行了分析比较，为有效评价矿区植物修复效果提供参考。     

用简化核主成分分析法实现高光谱遥感影像降维

提出用基于Nystrm算法的简化核主成分分析方法（SKPCA）实现高光谱遥感影像的快速降维。首先随机选取部分样本构成子核矩阵并计算其特征向量,然后进行矩阵外推迭代得到近似核矩阵,并分解近似核矩阵不断更新特征向量,最后实现高光谱影像的降维处理。利用OMIS与ROSIS遥感影像进行试验,从运算速度、提取特征信息量以及分类后效果对SKPCA和KPCA（未简化的核主成分分析法）进行比较,结果表明,SKPCA和KPCA提取的特征信息量相当,提取特征与分类效果相近,但SKPCA的运算速度至少要高于KPCA数百倍。     

基于优化N-FINDR算法的高光谱遥感影像矿物识别

为了提高矿物识别的精度,利用高光谱遥感数据,运用线性光谱混合模型（LSMM）和优化的N-FINDR算法对Cuprite地区的AVIRIS和HYMAP数据进行端元提取,并进行矿物精细分类识别。实验表明：线性光谱混合模型易于操作,优化的端元提取算法优于传统交互式端元提取,可用于矿物成分的精细识别。     

Detecting rottenness caused by Penicillium genus fungi in citrus fruits using machine learning techniques

Penicillium fungi are among the main defects that may affect the commercialization of citrus fruits. Economic losses in fruit production may become enormous if an early detection of that kind of fungi is not carried out. That early detection is usually based either on UltraViolet light carried out manually. This work presents a new approach based on hyperspectral imagery for defect segmentation. Both the physical device and the data processing (geometric corrections and band selection) are presented. Achieved results using classifiers based on Artificial Neural Networks and Decision Trees show an accuracy around 98%; it shows up the suitability of the proposed approach.