稳定性染色体畸变在远期辐射效应研究中的应用

染色体畸变分析可作为一种估算受照剂量的生物学方法,或作为指标用来评价辐射损伤。在各类染色体畸变中,以双着丝点和环较易识别,且在正常人群中极为罕见,故常被用作观察指标。但此类染色体畸变(即双着丝点或环)是不稳定的,随着受照后时间的延长,畸变率逐渐减低。这是因为含有非稳定性畸变的细胞,其结构上的缺陷,可使细胞分裂过程受到阻     

基于LQI的WSN自适应差错控制方案

针对无线传感器网络(WSN)中信息传输误码率高和能量受限的问题,提出一种基于链路质量指示(LQI)的自适应差错控制方案。利用IEEE802.15.4协议的物理层规范为无线传感器网络提供精确的信道质量评估,根据LQI与误包率之间的数量关系,将信道质量非均匀地划分为8个等级,并选择8种BCH码与之对应,在节点通信过程中实时地选择最佳的BCH码作为纠错码。实验结果表明,该方案具有较高的能量效率,能够有效降低误包率。     

基于生态城市指标体系的武汉市生态现状研究

大学校园空间缺乏一套科学化与整体化的分析方法,运用空间句法可以客观地分析出空间深层结构的型态特征。本研究以芝加哥大学作为例证,运用空间句法分析整体校园的深层结构,并且和校园表层结构的特点作比较。     

Influence of Asellus aquaticus on Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Campylobacter jejuni and naturally occurring heterotrophic bacteria in drinking water

Water lice, Asellus aquaticus (isopoda), frequently occur in drinking water distribution systems where they are a nuisance to consumers and water utilities. Whether they are solely an aesthetic problem or also affect the microbial water quality is a matter of interest. We studied the influence of A. aquaticus on microbial water quality in non-chlorinated drinking water in controlled laboratory experiments. Pure cultures of the indicator organisms Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae and the pathogen Campylobacter jejuni as well as naturally occurring heterotrophic drinking water bacteria (measured as heterotrophic plate counts, HPC) were investigated in microcosms at 7 °C, containing non-sterilised drinking water, drinking water sediment and A. aquaticus collected from a non-chlorinated ground water based drinking water supply system. Concentrations of E. coli, K. pneumoniae and C. jejuni decreased over time, following a first order decay with half lives of 5.3, 18.4 and 1.3 days, respectively. A. aquaticus did not affect survival of indicators and pathogens substantially whereas HPC were influenced by presence of dead A. aquaticus. Growth rates increased with an average of 48% for bacteria grown on R-2A agar and an average of 83% for bacteria grown on yeast extract agar when dead A. aquaticus were present compared to no and living A. aquaticus present. A. aquaticus associated E. coli, K. pneumoniae and C. jejuni were measured (up to 25 per living and 500 per dead A. aquaticus) and so were A. aquaticus associated heterotrophic bacteria (>1.8*10⁴ CFU per living and >6*10⁴ CFU per dead A. aquaticus). A. aquaticus did not serve as an optimised habitat that increased survival of indicators and pathogens, since A. aquaticus associated E. coli, K. pneumoniae and C. jejuni were only measured as long as the bacteria were also present in the water and sediment.     

Tracers for investigating pathogen fate and removal mechanisms in mesocosms

The purpose of the present investigation has been to develop a tracer suite that has application in in-situ assessment and optimization of physical and biological removal and elimination mechanisms of pathogens within laboratory scale biological treatment systems. The tracer suite includes three pathogen indicators, namely, a conserved non-viable particle (fluorescently labelled microspheres, FLM), a non-conserved non-viable particle (fluorescently labelled bioparticles, FLB), and a non-conserved viable particle (Nalidixic acid resistant E. coli, NAREC). The tracer triplet principles were developed with practical experiments on planted, and unplanted subsurface flow wetland mesocosms treating a synthetic domestic wastewater. The tracers monitor for physical removal mechanisms (FLM), elimination activity (FLB), and removal thresholds (NAREC). FLM enumeration was simplified by calibration of particle concentration with respect to acetone-extractable fluorescence. Similarly, FLB elimination was assessed by bulk fluorescence using two characteristic excitation-emission wavelength pairs: 494/519 and 220/319 nm. NAREC results indicated that first order removal kinetics may only proceed down to limiting threshold concentrations.     

Modeling the performance of residential building envelope: The role of sustainable energy performance indicators

The success of modeling the sustainable performance of the residential building envelope will be to a great extent associated to the sustainable energy performance indicators used. The sustainable energy performance indicators that these building assessment models are developed around should be chosen by taking into account the targeted objectives. However, it is very common to find building performance assessment models that do not take into account these considerations and therefore have a limited capability and scope. This leads to inadequate aggregate indicators for the actual assessment of the sustainable performance of the building envelope for a sustainable energy efficient building. The focus of this paper is to investigate the principal sustainable energy performance indicators for modeling the sustainable performance of the residential building envelope and develop an approach for determining the most appropriate sustainable energy performance indicators. In doing that, this paper provides an overview of previous research on sustainable energy performance indicators and discusses conceptual framework for developing sustainable energy performance indicators. In order to identify these indicators that influence the capability of building performance assessment models, a comprehensive survey of construction industry professionals was conducted using questionnaire survey technique while the data was analyzed using correlation analysis techniques.     

Multi-scale temporal and spatial variation in genotypic composition of Cladophora-borne Escherichia coli populations in Lake Michigan

High concentrations of Escherichia coli in mats of Cladophora in the Great Lakes have raised concern over the continued use of this bacterium as an indicator of microbial water quality. Determining the impacts of these environmentally abundant E. coli, however, necessitates a better understanding of their ecology. In this study, the population structure of 4285 Cladophora-borne E. coli isolates, obtained over multiple three day periods from Lake Michigan Cladophora mats in 2007-2009, was examined by using DNA fingerprint analyses. In contrast to previous studies that have been done using isolates from attached Cladophora obtained over large time scales and distances, the extensive sampling done here on free-floating mats over successive days at multiple sites provided a large dataset that allowed for a detailed examination of changes in population structure over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. While Cladophora-borne E. coli populations were highly diverse and consisted of many unique isolates, multiple clonal groups were also present and accounted for approximately 33% of all isolates examined. Patterns in population structure were also evident. At the broadest scales, E. coli populations showed some temporal clustering when examined by year, but did not show good spatial distinction among sites. E. coli population structure also showed significant patterns at much finer temporal scales. Populations were distinct on an individual mat basis at a given site, and on individual days within a single mat. Results of these studies indicate that Cladophora-borne E. coli populations consist of a mixture of stable, and possibly naturalized, strains that persist during the life of the mat, and more unique, transient strains that can change over rapid time scales. It is clear that further study of microbial processes at fine spatial and temporal scales is needed, and that caution must be taken when interpolating short term microbial dynamics from results obtained from weekly or monthly samples.     

Strategic Zoning for Urban Wastewater Reuse in China

It has been widely recognized that urban wastewater reuse is an alternative for water shortage problem. Although the improvement on urban wastewater reuse in China is quite significant, the further development still requires more strategic regulating and directing at the national level. However, due to the huge spatial differences in social–economic and resource conditions among different areas in China, it is difficult to apply a same policy framework to the whole country. In the paper, the mainland of China has been divided into 342 research regions and each region has one large-scale or medium-scale central city. The paper tried to answer the question how to select the development pattern of urban wastewater reuse for each region. Firstly, in order to evaluate the necessity and regional economic feasibility to develop urban wastewater reuse, an indicator system with three indexes at the upper level and seven indicators at the lower level was build up. And valuing method and the weight for each indicator was given. All the research regions covering the mainland of China has been scored with the indicator system. Secondly, the national strategic zoning has been done with the key method of cluster analysis. All regions have been sorted into five types of strategic development zones. Each zone has its own wastewater reuse development option such as Preferential Imperative Development, State Supporting Development, Self Supporting Development, Waiting for Development, and Non-Mandatory Development. Thirdly, the corresponding policy suggestion for each zone was given to the government. The possible updates between the different development patterns have been discussed as well.     

关键绩效指标法在石油销售企业绩效管理中的应用

绩效考核是人力资源管理的晕点和难点。石油销售企业经历着从传统的国有企业向现代化商业组织的转型,如何有效实施绩效考核,是企业管理者面临的一个重大课题。文章对石油销售企业关键绩效指标（Key Performance Indicator,简称KPI）的设计背景和目标进行分析,介绍了石油销售企业KPI体系,探讨KPI项目实施过程中的问题,提出了实施KPI项目的主要途径,对改进石油销售企业绩效管理具有现实意义。     

Confirmation of putative stormwater impact on water quality at a Florida beach by microbial source tracking methods and structure of indicator organism populations

The effect of a stormwater conveyance system on indicator bacteria levels at a Florida beach was assessed using microbial source tracking methods, and by investigating indicator bacteria population structure in water and sediments. During a rain event, regulatory standards for both fecal coliforms and Enterococcus spp. were exceeded, contrasting with significantly lower levels under dry conditions. Indicator bacteria levels were high in sediments under all conditions. The involvement of human sewage in the contamination was investigated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for the esp gene of Enterococcus faecium and for the conserved T antigen of human polyomaviruses, all of which were negative. BOX-PCR subtyping of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus showed higher population diversity during the rain event; and higher population similarity during dry conditions, suggesting that without fresh inputs, only a subset of the population survives the selective pressure of the secondary habitat. These data indicate that high indicator bacteria levels were attributable to a stormwater system that acted as a reservoir and conduit, flushing high levels of indicator bacteria to the beach during a rain event. Such environmental reservoirs of indicator bacteria further complicate the already questionable relationship between indicator organisms and human pathogens, and call for a better understanding of the ecology, fate and persistence of indicator bacteria.