Part III: the influence of serial repitching of Saccharomyces pastorianus on the production dynamics of some important aroma compounds during the fermentation of barley and gluten‐free buckwheat and quinoa wort

The present paper is the last report of a comprehensive study regarding the influence of the serial repitching of Saccharomyces pastorianus TUM 34/70 on the composition of a barley, buckwheat or quinoa fermentation medium. In particular, it focuses on the production dynamics of important volatile compounds typically associated with the aroma of beer. Samples were taken every 24 h after 11 serial repitchings of a single starter culture, analysed for the particular aroma compound content by distillation followed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. The term ‘serial repitching factor’ is used for the first time to support the visual evaluation of the influence of serial repitching. Results showed that the levels of methanol in the quinoa wort fermentation were only slightly higher than in barley and in practical terms independent of successive fermentation. The behaviour of acetaldehyde in quinoa was similar to that in barley. However, there was a final 2‐fold lower production of some important aroma compounds compared with barley and buckwheat and for this reason quinoa cannot be recommended as a gluten‐free substitute to produce a bottom‐fermented beer. Regarding the buckwheat wort fermentation, a 2‐ to 3‐times lower final acetaldehyde content than in barley is desirable, whereas a relatively high methanol content is not desirable. Barley and buckwheat showed comparable sum concentrations and similar overall profiles of some important aroma compounds. From this perspective, buckwheat appears to be a promising substitute for barley as a brewing raw material. The overall conclusions of our comprehensive study (Parts I–III) are that buckwheat shows adequate brewing properties to substitute for barley in the commercial preparation of a bottom‐fermented gluten‐free beer‐like beverage, and yeast can be repitched at least 11 times. In contrast, quinoa in practical terms shows no substitutional potential for barley in beer; however, it has many nutritious advantages, thus the commercial preparation of a unique, bottom‐fermented gluten‐free ‘non‐beer‐like’ beverage – where the yeast could be repitched six times at most – appears feasible. Copyright © 2015 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

基于DNA测序方法检测生鲜肉中5种动物源性成分

目的建立生鲜肉中猪、牛、羊、鸡、鸭源性成分的DNA测序鉴别方法,并对采集自北京各地区生鲜肉品进行检测验证。方法合成动物线粒体上12S rRNA、cytochrome b、cytochrome c oxidase基因引物,建立猪、牛、羊、鸡、鸭源性成分的DNA测序鉴别方法,并对50份猪、牛、羊、鸡、鸭肉品进行检测。结果使用线粒体上12S rRNA、cytochrome b、cytochrome c oxidase基因引物对猪、牛、羊、鸡、鸭肉品进行扩增,分别获得456、400和710 bp大小的DNA片段。只有12S rRNA基因引物均可对此5种动物源性成分扩增且效果良好。扩增产物进行序列测定。根据序列构建的系统进化树发现,此方法可有效区分样品中猪、牛、羊、鸡、鸭源性成分。结论此方法快速、简便,可准确检测50种生鲜肉样品中的动物源性成分,作为肉类鉴别的新方法。     

Geographical characterisation of honeys according to their mineral content and antioxidant activity using a chemometric approach

In this article, discrimination models are presented, relating the origin of honey samples to several variables, being the concentrations of different cations and anions in the honey samples measured by ion chromatography, and parameters that measure/reflect the antioxidant activity of the honey samples. The unsupervised method, principal component analysis, and supervised discrimination methods, such as linear and quadratic discriminant analysis, and classification and regression trees (CART), were applied to evaluate the existence of data patterns and the relationship between geographical origin and the measured parameters. The model with the best predictive ability (%CCR_TEST = 66.67%), the best overall % specificity (80%) and the best overall % sensitivity (67%) was found to be CART. It was proven that the mineral content and parameters analysed can provide enough information for the geographical characterisation and discrimination of honey.     

近红外光谱的苹果内部品质在线检测模型优化

利用近红外光谱技术在线检测水果内部品质的关键是获取精度高稳健性好的定量分析模型。研究开发了短波近红外光谱苹果品质在线检测系统,试验时苹果样本传输速度为5个/s,以漫反射方式采集,有效光谱范围为500~1100 nm。经光谱强度标准化校正后,有比较的采用遗传算法、连续投影算法和蚁群优化算法等提取特征变量,分别建立偏最小二乘模型,同时分析了这三种方法提取光谱特征变量的搜索机制。特征变量提取方法建立的预测模型所用变量显著减少,预测效果均优于全光谱模型,且能提高运算速度,增强模型的稳健性;其中又以蚁群优化算法的模型预测能力最佳,预测集相关系数R为0.9358,预测均方根误差RMSEP为0.2619。研究结果表明,近红外光谱结合特征变量提取方法可以建立高效的苹果可溶性固形物含量在线检测模型,在产业化应用方面具有很大潜力。     

食用油脂酸值近红外光谱特征波长优选

以近红外光谱快速检测大豆油脂酸值为目标,研究间隔偏最小二乘（interval partial least square,iPLS）结合遗传算法（genetic algorithm,GA）及连续投影算法（successive projection algorithm,SPA）的特征波长变量优选方法。制备不同酸值的大豆油脂样品100 个,并在4 000～12 000 cm－1范围内采集了油样的近红外透射光谱。首先用iPLS法从原始光谱中初步筛选出4 540～5 346 cm－1和6 807～7 004 cm－1组合特征波段,R2和预测均方根误差（rootmean square error of prediction,RMSEP）分别为0.978 9和0.064 3;然后分别用GA和SPA从特征光谱区域中筛选出与油脂酸值密切相关的特征波长变量,从GA和SPA 2 种选择结果中各选取前6 个波长点,以12 个特征波长变量建立PLS校正模型,其R2和RMSEP分别为0.985 9和0.045 1。研究表明,在油脂酸值近红外光谱分析中,采用iPLS-GASPA相结合的方法进行特征波长选择能有效去除冗余信息,降低模型复杂度,可为快速无损检测油脂酸值提供重要理论依据。     

A combined nonparametric approach to feature selection and binary decision tree design

An efficient procedure which integrates feature selection and binary decision tree construction is presented. The nonparametric approach is based on the Kolmogorov-Smirnov criterion which yields an optimal classification decision at each node. By combining the feature selection with the design of the classifier, only the most informative features are retained for classification.     

酱中总酸、氨基酸态氮和食盐的连续测定

对酱的总酸、氨基酸态氮和食盐的测定方法进行了改进,将几个单独测定的项目合并为一个连续测定过程,测定了三个样品中的总酸、氨基酸态氮和食盐含量.结果显示,一次性连续测定法RSD在0.4%～1.9%(n=6)之间,平均回收率100.4%,具有简便、快速、准确等优点,令人满意.     

鲜枣可溶性固形物最小二乘支持向量机动态检测研究

用可见/近红外光谱动态检测鲜枣的可溶性固形物含量。试验时样品以0.1m/s的速度运动,采集其可见/近红外漫反射光谱(350～2500nm)。用平均平滑法对120个赞皇枣样品、118个郎枣样品的光谱进行消噪处理,采用连续投影算法提取其特征波长,并建立相应的最小二乘支持向量机预测模型SPA/LS-SVM;同时将赞皇枣在500～1100nm范围的可见/短波近红外平滑光谱数据,郎枣在700～1500nm范围的平滑光谱数据用最小二乘支持向量机建立Smooth/LS-SVM预测模型,并对各自预测集样品(30个)的可溶性固形物含量进行预测和对比分析。结果表明:SPA/LS-SVM模型预测相关系数(赞皇枣0.833,郎枣0.847)与Smooth/LS-SVM模型预测相关系数(赞皇枣0.848,郎枣0.857)相差不大,且前者更精简,预测速度快,预测时间短,可以作为鲜枣可溶性固形物含量的一种动态检测方法,但模型的精度和稳定性需进一步提高。     

椰子树和棕榈树人造板研究情况简介

介绍了国外椰子树和棕榈树人造板研究现状,供国内同行参考。     

采后猕猴桃可溶性固形物含量的高光谱无损检测

为探讨基于高光谱成像技术无损检测采后猕猴桃可溶性固形物含量（soluble solids content,SSC）的可行性,基于猕猴桃900～1 700 nm波长范围的反射高光谱,建立了预测SSC的偏最小二乘、支持向量机及误差反向传播 （error back propagation,BP）网络模型,并综合比较了分别以全光谱的226 个波长,利用连续投影算法提取的12 个有效波长和采用无信息变量消除法提取的128 个有效波长作为模型的输入变量对各模型预测效果的影响。结果表明,连续投影算法能有效地提取有效波长,其在简化模型方面优势明显;BP网络与连续投影算法相结合具有最好的预测性能（预测相关系数为0.924,预测均方根误差为0.766）。研究表明,高光谱成像技术可无损检测猕猴桃的SSC,该技术将使猕猴桃内部品质的工业化分级成为可能。