连续缩合制多胺流程的研究

对苯胺、甲醛在盐酸催化下生成二苯基甲烷二胺（MDA）及其同系物的连续缩合流程进行了研究,并与间歇缩合进行了比较。在预缩合、转位阶段都采用平推流反应器（PFR）有利于提高二苯基甲烷二胺含量。预缩合时甲醛加入方式多点加入比单点加入效果好,甲醛与苯胺反应2min反应基本完全。转位反应时物料流速对产物中的MDA含量影响不大,这样有利于转位反应器的设计。在优化的连续缩合流程下得到的产物中MDA质量分数为72．7％,MDA异构体混合物中2．4'－MDA质量分数为7．0％。     

Management of organic matter in the tropics: translating theory into practice

Inputs of organic materials play a central role in the productivity of many tropical farming systems by providing nutrients through decomposition and substrate for synthesis of soil organic matter (SOM). The organic inputs in many tropical farming systems such as crop residues, manures, and natural fallows are currently of low quality and insufficient quantity to maintain soil fertility hence there is need to find alternative or supplementary sources of nutrients. Knowledge gained over the past decade on the role of organic resource quality in influencing soil nutrient availability patterns (Synchrony Principle) and SOM maintenance (SOM Principle) provides a strong scientific basis on which to develop management tools. This scientific information must be linked with farmer knowledge and circumstances to provide a realistic approach to soil fertility and SOM management in the tropics. A decision tree has been developed for testing hypotheses about the resource quality parameters that affect nitrogen release patterns and rates. The decision tree is linked to an Organic Resource Database (ORD) with detailed information on the resource quality of agroforestry trees and leguminous cover crops providing a systematic means of selecting organic resources for soil fertility management. The decision tree has also been translated into a practical field guide for use with farmers in evaluating organic materials. The longer-term effects of organic inputs on SOM might also be addressed through the decision tree and database. It is generally believed that materials good for short-term soil fertility will not build or maintain SOM; if true then it is difficult to imagine practical means of maintaining SOM in the African context where short-term fertility issues will take precedence over longer-term maintenance of SOM. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

几种农药对芒果树白蛾蜡蝉的药效试验

比较测定了10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂、20%好年冬乳油和48%乐斯本乳油等3种药剂在常规用量下对芒果上发生的白蛾蜡蝉的防治效果。结果表明,乐斯本1000倍液和好年冬1500倍液对白蛾蜡蝉具有较好的速效性,药后1 d的防效分别为80.44%和73.98%;吡虫啉2000倍液对白蛾蜡蝉具有较好的持效性,药后7 d的防效仍然达79.61%;认为使用吡虫啉防治白蛾蜡蝉的适宜浓度为1500~2000倍。     

Successive cancellation multibit-flipping decoding algorithm for polar codes

The investigation of the probability of error bits in a codeword shows that single-bit errors and 2-bit errors are main reasons that influence the decoding performance of polar codes with a short or moderate blocklength. Based on the statistical analysis of the error bits, a successive cancellation(SC) multibit-flipping decoding algorithm is proposed. Compared with the SC single-bit-flipping decoding, the proposed scheme can obtain better performance gains for polar codes with a short blocklength. Compared with the SC list decoding by exploring multiple paths simultaneously, the proposed scheme has a lower space complexity. Moreover, the decoding complexity of the proposed decoding algorithm decreases as the signal to noise ratio(SNR) increases. Simulation shows that for polar codes with a short or moderate blocklength, the performance of the proposed decoder can approach that of the SC list decoding with lower decoding complexity in high SNR regions.     

Use of the 15N natural abundance technique to quantify biological nitrogen fixation by woody perennials

Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) associated with trees and shrubs plays a major role in the functioning of many ecosystems, from natural woodlands to plantations and agroforestry systems, but it is surprisingly difficult to quantify the amounts of N₂ fixed. Some of the problems involved in measuring N₂ fixation by woody perennials include: (a) diversity in occurrence, and large plant-to-plant variation in growth and nodulation status of N₂-fixing species, especially in natural ecosystems; (b) long-term, perennial nature of growth and the seasonal or year-to-year changes in patterns of N assimilation; and (c) logistical limitations of working with mature trees which are generally impossible to harvest in their entirety. The methodology which holds most promise to quantify the contributions of N₂ fixation to trees is the so-called `¹⁵N natural abundance' technique which exploits naturally occurring differences in ¹⁵N composition between plant-available N sources in the soil and that of atmospheric N₂. In this review we discuss probable explanations for the origin of the small differences in ¹⁵N abundance found in different N pools in both natural and man-made ecosystems and utilise previously published information and unpublished data to examine the potential advantages and limitations inherent in the application of the technique to study N₂ fixation by woody perennials. Calculation of the proportion of the plant N derived from atmospheric N₂ (%Ndfa) using the natural abundance procedure requires that both the ¹⁵N natural abundance of the N derived from BNF and that derived from the soil by the target N₂-fixing species be determined. It is then assumed that the ¹⁵N abundance of the N₂-fixing species reflects the relative contributions of the N derived from these two sources. The ¹⁵N abundance of the N derived from BNF (B) can vary with micro-symbiont, plant species/provenance and growth stage, all of which create considerable difficulties for its precise evaluation. If the%Ndfa is large and the ¹⁵N abundance of the N acquired from other sources is not several ¹⁵N units higher or lower than B, then this can be a major source of error. Further difficulties can arise in determining the ¹⁵N abundance of the N derived from soil (and plant litter, etc.) by the target plant as it is usually impossible to predict which, if any, non-N₂-fixing reference species will obtain N from the same N sources in the same proportions with the same temporal and spatial patterns as the N₂-fixing perennial. The compromise solution is to evaluate the ¹⁵N abundance of a diverse range of neighbouring non-N₂-fixing plants and to compare these values with that of the N₂-fixing species and the estimate of B. Only then can it be determined whether the contribution of BNF to the target species can be quantified with any degree of confidence. This review of the literature suggests that while the natural abundance technique appears to provide quantitative measures of BNF in tree plantation and agroforestry systems, particular difficulties may arise which can often limit its application in natural ecosystems.     

石化区空气对树木某些生化指标的影响

对大庆石化空气污染区树木叶片内蛋白质、核酸、游离氨基酸及过氧化物酶同工酶含量的变化进行了分析,摸索石化空气污染对树木影响的程度和耐污染的性质,为选择抗石化空气污染的树种提供科学依据。同时也说明栽培树小的选择要赋予新的内涵。     

Systematic Extraction of Structure–Activity Relationship Information from Biological Screening Data

A data mining approach is introduced that automatically extracts SAR information from high‐throughput screening data sets and that helps to select active compounds for chemical exploration and hit‐to‐lead projects. SAR pathways are systematically identified consisting of sequences of similar active compounds with gradual increases in potency. Fully enumerated SAR pathway sets are subjected to pathway scoring, filtering, and mining, and pathways with the most significant SAR information content are prioritized. High‐scoring SAR pathways often reveal activity cliffs contained in screening data. Subsets of SAR pathways are analyzed in SAR trees that make it possible to identify microenvironments of significant SAR discontinuity from which hits are preferentially selected. SAR trees of alternative pathways leading to activity cliffs identify key compounds and help to develop chemically intuitive SAR hypotheses.     

基于连续小波变换的径流分维研究

讨论了径流时间序列的统计自相似性描述指标——分形维数(分维)的连续小波变换系数估计思路,给出了其基本步骤。将该法运用于黄河流域主要水文站年径流的分维计算,同时与极差分析法估计值进行对比,研究表明,建议的连续小波变换分维估计法是可行的。     

SSA 分析技术在双向拉伸聚丙烯专用料生产过程中的应用

采用连续自成核退火法(SSA)对几种不同双向拉伸聚丙烯(BOPP)树脂进行了等规度及等规序列分布表征,研究了其结晶行为与成膜稳定性之间的关系,据此分析了中国石油兰州石化公司30万t/a聚丙烯装置初期所产BOPP产品在使用过程中存在易破膜问题的原因,并进行了装置聚合工艺参数的优化.结果表明,BOPP树脂的成膜稳定性取决于其等规度分布情况,即高等规度组分含量应较低,低等规度组分含量应较高,峰高比值(Ipeak1/Ipeak2)以小于1为宜;随着催化剂与外给电子体质量比(T/D)的增大,BOPP树脂的高等规度组分含量逐渐降低,中、低等规度组分含量相对上升,晶片厚度变薄,分布加宽,成膜性能得以改善.     

Application of SSOR-PCGM with improved iteration format in FEM simulation of massive concrete

In this study, for the purpose of improving the efficiency and accuracy of numerical simulation of massive concrete, the symmetric successive over relaxation-preconditioned conjugate gradient method (SSOR-PCGM) with an improved iteration format was derived and applied to solution of large sparse symmetric positive definite linear equations in the computational process of the finite element analysis. A three-dimensional simulation program for massive concrete was developed based on SSOR-PCGM with an improved...