透视现实生活中的城市景象——读王军《采访本上的城市》

首先高度肯定了<采访本上的城市>一书对当前我国城市建设中的问题所进行的揭示,以及对产生这些问题的原因的剖析,同时从城市道路建设、历史文物保护、圈地与城市规划、标志性建筑和城市改造与拆迁等五个方面对书中提出的一些观点进行了讨论.文章试图建立起新闻报道与专业研究之间的关联,并据此提出了一些值得深入探讨的方向.     

Elicitation by critiquing as a cognitive task analysis methodology

This paper describes elicitation by critiquing (EBC) as a cognitive task analysis (CTA) methodology. EBC takes advantage of the ability to analyze another’s task performance, a necessary skill for all domains. This technique can be used to help address some barriers to CTA methods such as domain access restrictions, frequency and predictability of observable and self-reported events, and difficulties in recruiting domain experts to participate. The technique enables controlled presentation of problem stimuli in order to obtain repeated measuring of the same task from multiple participants. To investigate this method, our team performed a CTA of inferential analysis using the EBC technique. Specifically, we observed six expert intelligence analysts critiquing a trainee analyzing the Ariane 501 launch failure. A second trainee was critiqued for reference. The method can be combined with other CTA methods to build knowledge about a domain, can be considered as an addition to participatory design methods, and can be varied depending on the domain being investigated.     

Integrating ICT into second language education in a vocational high school

Abstract This study investigated the potential impacts of integrating the Internet into an English as a second language class in a vocational senior high school in Taiwan. Twenty-nine students and a young male English teacher were involved. It was found that the students overall had a positive perception toward using Internet tools. This study indicated that the integration of information communication technology on the Internet with English facilitated the creation of a virtual environment that transformed learning from a traditional passive experience to one of discovery, exploration, and excitement in a less stressful setting. The study revealed that a computer-mediated communication environment could lower students' psychological barriers to enable them to express their opinions freely and to communicate actively on the Internet and that it could also enhance their critical thinking, problem-solving and communication skills through online activities or class homepage construction. An individual case study further revealed that a task-oriented English tutoring strategy in association with email communication could motivate the student's writing competence but the student's language proficiency and grammatical accuracy did not improve. Finally, based on the findings, recommendations for future studies are made.     

Aging and autobiographical memory: Dissociating episodic from semantic retrieval.

Cognitive aging research documents reduced access to contextually specific episodic details in older adults, whereas access to semantic or other nonepisodic information is preserved or facilitated. The present study extended this finding to autobiographical memory by using a new measure: the Autobiographical Interview. Younger and older adults recalled events from 5 life periods. Protocols were scored according to a reliable system for categorizing episodic and nonepisodic information. Whereas younger adults were biased toward episodic details reflecting happenings, locations, perceptions, and thoughts, older adults favored semantic details not connected to a particular time and place. This pattern persisted after additional structured probing for contextual details. The Autobiographical Interview is a useful instrument for quantifying episodic and semantic contributions to personal remote memory. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Measuring faking in the employment interview: Development and validation of an interview faking behavior scale.

An Interview Faking Behavior (IFB) scale is developed and validated in 6 studies (N = 1,346). In Study 1, a taxonomy of faking behavior is delineated. The factor structure of a measure is evaluated and refined (Studies 2 and 3). The convergent and discriminant validity of the measure is examined (Study 4). The IFB scale consists of 4 factors (Slight Image Creation, Extensive Image Creation, Image Protection, and Ingratiation) and 11 subfactors (Embellishing, Tailoring, Fit Enhancing, Constructing, Inventing, Borrowing, Masking, Distancing, Omitting, Conforming, and Interviewer Enhancing). A study of actual interviews shows that scores on the IFB scale are related to getting a 2nd interview or a job offer (Study 5). In Study 6, an experiment is conducted to test the usefulness of the new measure for studying methods of reducing faking using structured interviews. It is found that past behavior questions are more resistant to faking than situational questions, and follow-up questioning increases faking. Finally, over 90% of undergraduate job candidates fake during employment interviews; however, fewer candidates engage in faking that is semantically closer to lying, ranging from 28% to 75%. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Standardization of the Functional Assessment and Intervention Program (FAIP) with Children Who Have Externalizing Behaviors.

The purpose of this study was to develop standardization data for the Functional Assessment Intervention Program (FAIP; University of Utah, Utah State University, & Utah State Office of Education, 1999), a computerized, functional behavioral assessment expert system. Reliability, validity, and utility analyses were conducted with students serving in either regular or special education classrooms who were rated by their teachers as having externalizing problematic behaviors. Results suggest that the FAIP demonstrated evidence of good interrater agreement and test-retest reliability for both behavior function and overall agreement. The FAIP also shows evidence of concurrent validity when identified behavior functions are compared to behavior functions identified on the Motivational Assessment Scale (MAS; Durand & Crimmins, 1992) and the Functional Assessment Interview (FAI; O'Neill et al., 1997). Most users preferred the FAIP to the two other functional assessments (MAS and FAI), ranking it higher overall and on an item-by-item basis. Implications for school psychologists using the FAIP with students who exhibit externalizing behavior disorders are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Why Turks do not use seat belts? An interview study

Despite the effectiveness of seat belt use and legislation, seat belt use rate is low in Turkey. The aim of this study was to investigate the motives to use and not to use a seat belt in different traveling conditions in a sample of car drivers and passengers. Interviews were made face to face with 221 interviewees from different age and occupation groups. Frequently reported reasons for using a seat belt were traveling conditions, safety, situational conditions, habit of using a seat belt, and avoiding punishment. Frequently reported reasons for not using a seat belt were situational conditions, not believing in the effectiveness, discomfort and having no habit. Safety was the strongest predictor of reported seat belt use in both low and high risk traveling conditions. Findings suggest that seat belt campaigns should mainly emphasize seat belt's safety impact and aim at habit formation.     

Attachment and god representations among lay Catholics, priests, and religious: A matched comparison study based on the adult attachment interview.

Based on the idea that believers' perceived relationships with God develop from their attachment-related experiences with primary caregivers, the authors explored the quality of such experiences and their representations among individuals who differed in likelihood of experiencing a principal attachment to God. Using the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI), they compared attachment-related experiences and representations in a group of 30 Catholic priests and religious with a matched group of lay Catholics and with the worldwide normal distribution of AAI classifications. They found an overrepresentation of secure-autonomous states regarding attachment among those more likely to experience a principal attachment to God (i.e., the priests and religious) compared with the other groups and an underrepresentation of unresolved?disorganized states in the two groups of Catholics compared with the worldwide normal distribution. Key findings also included links between secure-autonomous states regarding attachment and estimated experiences with loving or nonrejecting parents on the one hand and loving God imagery on the other. These results extend the literature on religion from an attachment perspective and support the idea that generalized working models derived from attachment experiences with parents are reflected in believers' perceptions of God. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Predicting married and cohabiting couples' futures from their descriptions of stepfamily life.

Stepfamily couples experience specific challenges early in their relationships, (e.g., reaching agreement on the role of the stepparent in parenting). The Oral History Interview for Stepfamilies (OHI-S) was developed to assess spouses' cognitive representations of their adaptation to these challenges. It was hypothesized that their responses would predict future relationship satisfaction and stability. One-hundred and 22 stepfamily couples completed the OHI-S and were assessed on relationship satisfaction and stability at Time 1 and 2.5 years later (Time 2). Time 2 relationship satisfaction and stability were both predicted by the OHI-S at Time 1. Couples' perceptions of the stepfamily and couple relationship predict separation, and suggest there is an opportunity for early intervention to enhance stepfamily couple relationships. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Joint investigation of working conditions, environmental and system performance at recycling centres - Development of instruments and their usage

Recycling is a new and developing industry, which has only been researched to a limited extent. This article describes the development and use of instruments for data collection within a multidisciplinary research programme “Recycling centres in Sweden - working conditions, environmental and system performance”. The overall purpose of the programme was to form a basis for improving the function of recycling centres with respect to these three perspectives and the disciplines of: ergonomics, safety, external environment, and production systems. A total of 10 instruments were developed for collecting data from employees, managers and visitors at recycling centres, including one instrument for observing visitors. Validation tests were performed in several steps. This, along with the quality of the collected data, and experience from the data collection, showed that the instruments and methodology used were valid and suitable for their purpose.