Progress in the production and application of n-butanol as a biofuel

Butanol is a very competitive renewable biofuel for use in internal combustion engines given its many advantages. In this review, the properties of butanol are compared with the conventional gasoline, diesel fuel, and some widely used biofuels, i.e. methanol, ethanol, biodiesel. The comparison of fuel properties indicates that n-butanol has the potential to overcome the drawbacks brought by low-carbon alcohols or biodiesel. Then, the development of butanol production is reviewed and various methods for increasing fermentative butanol production are introduced in detailed, i.e. metabolic engineering of the Clostridia, advanced fermentation technique. The most costive part of the fermentation is the substrate, so methods involved in renewed substrates are also mentioned. Next, the applications of butanol as a biofuel are summarized from three aspects: (1) fundamental combustion experiments in some well-defined burning reactors; (2) a substitute for gasoline in spark ignition engine; (3) a substitute for diesel fuel in compression ignition engine. These studies demonstrate that butanol, as a potential second generation biofuel, is a better alternative for the gasoline or diesel fuel, from the viewpoints of combustion characteristics, engine performance, and exhaust emissions. However, butanol has not been intensively studied when compared to ethanol or biodiesel, for which considerable numbers of reports are available. Finally, some challenges and future research directions are outlined in the last section of this review.     

钢绞线用SWRH82B盘条的控冷工艺及组织性能

为保证高强度预应力钢绞线用SWRH82B盘条的组织性能,采用了3种不同冷却速度的控冷工艺进行试验。结果得出,部分风机开口度为100%,部分风机开口度为50%时,可获得最佳效果。     

混合制剂对~(131)I、~(134)Cs、~(85)sr 的阻吸收效果和毒性观察

本文主要介绍由碘化钾、普鲁士兰、海藻酸钠、磷酸铝和鸡内金水煎剂等药物配制成的混合制剂对大鼠体内~(131)I、~(134)Cs 和~(85)Sr 等核素的阻吸收和促排效果及其对大鼠和犬的毒性的观测结果。实验结果表明,所用混合制剂对上述核素有较好的阻吸收和促排效果;混合制剂使大鼠的摄食量有所减少,体重增长受到影响;在对犬的试验中未见明显的毒性作用。     

New era for TFT‐LCD size and viewing‐angle performance

Abstract— Samsung has announced the development of a full‐high‐definition (1920 × 1080) 82‐in. TFT‐LCD panel using Super‐PVA (S‐PVA) technology, the world's largest TFT‐LCD. In addition to the size breakthrough, this product achieves 600 nits of brightness, a contrast ratio of over 1200:1, an angle of view of 180°, a color gamut of 92%, and an 8‐msec response time. Several key enabling technologies were developed to achieve these specifications, including two‐transistor direct‐driven independently controlled S‐PVA subpixels, non‐even‐area‐ratio subpixels for optimal off‐axis gamma, gate overlap driving for larger driving margin, new CCFL technology for higher color gamut, and advanced fabrication techniques including the use of Samsung's new Gen 7 line. Many of these technologies will be applied to other products within Samsung's LCD‐TV product line. Samsung's broader development efforts toward the overall LCD‐TV market, including production status of the Gen 7 facility, will be updated.     

Optical and magneto-optical properties of the endohedral complex La@C82 crystal: a Hartree–Fock single-excitation configuration interaction model study

The dielectric constant tensor is used to describe the magneto-optical properties of crystals. Using the Hartree–Fock single-excitation configuration interaction model in conjunction with the local field method, the spin-dependent optical dielectric tensor, refractive index, reflectivity, circular dichroism (CD), and birefringence coefficient (θ) of the simple cubic (sc) phase of the La@C₈₂ crystal are calculated when the La atom is off-center. The calculations show that the spin-dependent optical dielectric tensor of the La@C₈₂ crystal is large. The displacement of the La atom from the center of the cage leads to molecular electric dipole moment which influences the magnetic and optical properties of the La@C₈₂ crystal. The Coulomb interactions and effective magnetic moment cause increasing dielectric tensor, CD, and θ. Our results show that the optical excitation in the region where the energy is lower than 2?eV has the strongest optical absorption bands and refractive index in the La@C₈₂ crystal. Also, our results show that CD and θ of the La@C₈₂ crystal are larger than those of the C₆₀ and C₇₀ crystals. We obtained the E_g of 0.27?eV similar to that of the obtained results of the La@C₈₂ thin film with a semiconducting behavior.     

Gd@C_(82) Langmuir-Blodgett纳米薄膜的表面微观结构

采用Langmuir-Blodgett(LB)技术在新解理的云母和氧化铟锡(ITO)基片上成功地制备出富勒烯金属包合物Gd@C82/SA的单层及多层Langmuir-Blodgett分子薄膜,采用原子力显微镜(AFM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对所制备纳米超分子薄膜的表面形貌和表面元素组成进行了系统研究,结果表明,与纯的Gd@C82 Langmuir薄膜相比,以硬脂酸(SA)为辅助成膜材料所得到的Gd@C82/SA复合Langmuir薄膜能更好地转移到云母和ITO基片表面,其镀膜转移比接近1,当硬脂酸(SA)与Gd@C82的摩尔比达到4:1时,所对应的Gd@C82/SA LB薄膜表现出良好的均一性和理想的层状结构。     

V、N微合金化对高碳钢82B性能的影响

研究了V和V、N微合金化高碳钢82B固溶加热连续冷却和高温热变形连续冷却后的强韧性.结果表明,固溶加热连续冷却后,82B钢随钒含量的增加,强度增加、塑性降低,塑性主要受索氏体片层间距的影响.经高温热变形连续冷却后,与未热变形的相比,试验钢的强度和塑性均显著提高,索氏体团显著细化,钒氮同时加的82B钢强韧性最高,热变形连续冷却后性能提高的因为主要是索氏体团的细化和V(CN)的形变诱导析出.     

基于CAN总线的电锅炉温度控制网络

在已有温度控制系统的前提下,首先选取SJA1000芯片作为CAN总线的控制器、82C250芯片作为CAN总线的收发器,来设计电锅炉温度控制网络,然后通过CAN—USB转换器与通用PC相连。形成形式上以通用PC机为上位机,独立锅炉温度控制系统为下位机的电锅炉温度控制网络。     

固体超强酸S_2O_8~(2-)/TiO_2-WO_3的制备及其催化性能研究

用溶胶-凝胶法制备了固体超强酸S2O82-/TiO2-WO3,并对其进行了XRD与IR表征,用乙酸乙酯合成模型反应考察了其催化性能,系统研究了WO3的含量、焙烧温度等制备条件对S2O82-/TiO2-WO3性能的影响。实验表明:在(NH4)10W12O41.xH2O质量分数为5.0%、焙烧温度为500℃条件下通过溶胶-凝胶法制备的固体超强酸S2O82-/TiO2-WO3,其载体为微细且晶格不太完整的锐钛矿型TiO2,比表面积较大,具有比浸渍法制备的SO42-/TiO2更高的硫含量和更强酸性,并具有较高的催化酯化活性和稳定性,在反应条件为:醇酸摩尔比1.48∶1、催化剂用量为冰醋酸的6.0%、反应时间2.0h,乙酸转化率可达74.1%(不加分水器)。催化剂在无需任何再生的条件下重复使用,活性下降趋势平缓,显示良好的稳定性。     

酒钢生产82B钢的工艺实践

酒钢通过铁水脱硫→50 t转炉冶炼→LF精炼→150 mm方坯连铸→控轧控冷工艺,生产82B盘条。生产统计结果表明,82B钢中平均氧含量为30×10-6,氮含量45×10-6,氢含量1.4×10-6;该钢断面收缩率32%~41%,延伸率10%~16%,均达到标准要求。