The effects of electrical comminution on the mineral liberation and surface chemistry of a porphyry copper ore

The surface chemistry and mineral liberation changes of a porphyry copper ore after high voltage pulse (HVP) electrical comminution have been investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and mineral liberation analysis (MLA). Previous studies suggest that electrical comminution has the potential to improve downstream flotation recoveries, due to increased mineral liberation. However, until now the effects on the surface chemistry have not been investigated in detail.The mineral liberation results showed that chalcopyrite was more liberated in the electrical comminution product than in mechanical comminution, noticeably in the coarser size fractions. The surface chemistry of pure chalcopyrite was investigated, using XPS, and high resolution scans of iron and sulphur showed that both comminution methods led to iron oxidising preferentially leaving behind a passivating film of copper sulphides. However, the HVP product oxidisation was more severe with more iron oxide being produced and further oxidation of the remaining copper sulphides into copper sulphate. An attrition grinding stage may be useful in removing the oxidised layer from the surface of the particles prior to flotation separation. This paper presents a new application of the HVP technology in hybrid procedures using electrical comminution and mechanical grinding to prepare the flotation feed, rather than using excessive pulse energy to fully disintegrate ore to the flotation size. Better liberation and flotation performance were achieved through the hybrid procedures than the comparative mechanical comminution.     

Tribological behavior of Zr-based bulk metallic glass sliding against polymer,ceramic, and metal materials

The tribological properties of zirconium-based bulk metallic glass (BMG) sliding against polymers, steels, and ceramics at different loads and speeds were investigated. Acoustic emission (AE) technology was used to analyze wear states. The frictional coefficients of the BMG slid against the steel and ceramic balls were high but decreased with increased applied normal load and sliding speed. As the steel balls were more ductile than the ceramic ones, the steel–BMG sliding pairs generated weaker AE signals and exhibited larger wear rates. The BMG tested against the polymer balls had much lower and more stable frictional coefficients than the ones against the steel or ceramic balls because of transferred polymer layers on the BMG surfaces. The BMG against the polymer balls also exhibited the highest AE signals among the three types of counter materials used, indicating that abrasive wear dominated in the polymer-BMG sliding pairs. These results demonstrated the potential application of the BMG as a new tribomaterial that could be an alternative to the traditional crystalline metals for various counter materials.     

基于虚拟仪器的现代温度检测系统的研究

对一个基于虚拟仪器的现代温度检测系统进行了系统的论述，并给出了具体实现方案及结果。     

油气集输站场生活污水土地处理技术

通过对土地处理系统的介绍，结合油气站场污水的特点，分析了不同土地处理技术在实际中的设置情况和方式，给出一般的面积计算方法和结果，总结了土地处理的技术特点和应用前景。     

利用静电学和测量数据对碳纳米管膜场致发射规律的定量分析

碳纳米管膜的场致发射电流密度仅由它表面的宏观电场决定，无论其表面形状是平的还是半球状的。对于理想的平行板电极系统，其表面电场强度均匀（UId），发射电流密度、总电流与发射面积成正比：对于半球一平面电极系统半球形的阴极存在一个宏观场增强因子ks，一个与两极距离和球半径之比（d/r）相关的函数，其表面的平均场强为ks U/d。对于d/r=0，ks=1，d≥r的情况，ks接近于常数。对于10〈d／r〈100的情况，存在一个经验的表达式：ks=1＋0．15d/s=0．005（d／r）^2。在引入ks后，不同作者给出的平面电极系统和半球一平面电极系统碳纳米管膜的场致发射电流I与宏观表面电场强度E的关系都可以近似用-经验公式描述：I=a（E-Eo）^b，a，b为常数。该经验公式可为稳定生产的CNT膜片应用产品设计提供方便。     

提高焊膏印刷质量的工艺改进

焊膏印刷作为SMT工艺的第一步，其质量好坏对SMT工艺有着重要影响。文章通过对焊膏成分、特性的分析，讨论了印刷中各种工艺参数的正确选择；对焊膏印刷中容易出现的质量问题进行了详细分析，指出了产生问题的原因，提出了改进措施。     

Effects of surface roughness of substrates on the c-axis preferred orientation of ZnO films deposited by r.f. magnetron sputtering

The c-axis preferred orientation of ZnO film is the most important factor for its successful application in piezoelectric devices. The effects of surface roughness of the substrate on the c-axis preferred orientation of ZnO thin films, deposited by radio frequency magnetron sputtering, were investigated. During sputtering, the oxygen content in the argon environment used was varied from 0 to 70% at a total sputtering pressure of 10 mTorr. Very smooth Si, smooth evaporated Au/Si, smooth evaporated-Al/Si, and rough sputtered-Al/Si were used as substrates. Their r.m.s. roughnesses, as measured by atomic force microscopy, were 1.27, 17.1, 21.1 and 65-118 Å, respectively. The crystalline structure and the angular spread of the (0 0* 2) plane normal to the ZnO films were determined using X-ray diffraction and X-ray rocking curves, respectively. The crystallinity and the preferred c-axis orientation of the ZnO films were strongly dependent on the surface roughness of the substrates rather than on the oxygen content of the working environment or on the chemical nature of the substrate.     

Prediction Model for BTA Deep-Hole Machining using Fuzzy Clustering Approach: Experimental Study

In this article, a subtractive clustering-based fuzzy identification method and a Sugeno-type fuzzy inference system are used for modeling in metal cutting. This approach is considered with its application on the experimental study of Boring and Trepanning Association (BTA) deep-hole drilling. The model for the surface roughness is identified by using the cutting speed and feed as input data and roughness as the output data. Using subtractive clustering in both input and output spaces performs the model-building process. Minimum error model is obtained through enumerative search of clustering parameters. The fuzzy model obtained is capable of predicting the surface roughness for a given set of inputs (speed and feed). Therefore, the operator can predict the quality of the surface for a given set of working parameters and will then be able to set the machining parameters to achieve a certain surface quality. The fuzzy model is verified experimentally by further experimentation using different sets of inputs. The tool life is also investigated using the same approach. The fuzzy inference system obtained is capable of predicting the tool life for a given set of cutting parameters. Therefore, the operator will be able to predict how many minutes the cutting tool is going to last and will set the time for the next tool change.     

机抖激光陀螺抖动机构的温度特性的研究

研究了机抖激光陀螺抖动偏频量与温度之间的关系。通过大量的重复性高低温实验,证明了抖动偏频量与温度的线性关系,并得到了拟合直线表达式。结果表明,抖动偏频量与温度具有较好的线性关系,而且具有较好的重复性。同时用抖动偏频量对陀螺的零漂进行补偿,提高了陀螺的精度。     

Simulations of Temperature Field in HFCVD Diamond Films over Large Area

A three-dimensional model was developed to investigate the influence of various hot filaments parameters on substrate temperature fields that significantly affect the nucleation and growth of diamond films over large area by hot-filament chemical vapordeposition (HFCVD). Numerical simulated results indicated that substrate temperature varies as a function of hot filamentsnumber, radius, temperature, emissivity, the distance between filaments, and the distance between substrate and filamentsarrangement plane. When these filaments parameters were maintained at the optimal values, the homogeneous substrate temperature region of 76 mm×76 mm with the temperature fluctuation no more than 5% could be obtained by a 80 mm×80 mmhot filaments arrangement plane. Furthermore, the homogeneous region could be enlarged to 100 mm×100 mm under thecondition of supplementary hot filaments with appropriate parameters. All of these calculations provided the basis for speciallyoptimizing the hot filaments parameters to dep