Changes in seebeck coefficient of Pt and Pt 10% Rh after use to 1700°C in High-purity polycrystalline alumina

A technique is presented that enables the effects of temperature on the Seebeck coefficient to be assessed for individual wires. The technique, involving a high-resolution thermoelectric scanning rig and a nonuniform conditioning furnace of known temperature profile, was applied to 0.5-mm-diameter wires of Pt and Pt 10% Rh. Changes were observed in Seebeck coefficient when these wires were used in high-purity twin-bore insulation for up to 200 h at temperatures over the range 500 to 1700°C. Contamination from the insulation was found to be transmitted by a vaporization process, having an activation energy of 3 eV. This caused changes of up to 0.14 V · °C^–1 in Pt and 0.01 V · °C^–1 in Pt 10% Rh. Rhodium transfer to the pure Pt wire changed its Seebeck coefficient by up to 5 V · °C^–1. The consequences of both processes for thermocouple pyrometry are presented.     

The development of a high-speed spindle measurement system using a laser diode and a quadrants sensor

Reducing the manufacturing time is the trend of precision manufacturing, and the precision of a work-piece is very important for manufacturing industry. High-speed cutting is becoming more widely used and the high-speed spindle is a very important element, whose precision may affect the overall performance of high-speed cutting. Most of the studies on high-speed cutting are focused on the cutting force, the vibration of the spindle and the effects of the spindle's thermal expansion; however, the measurement of the high-speed spindle continues to use the conventional spindle measurement method.As with the measurement of the high-speed spindle, more strict demands are set on the dynamic balance of cutting tools and the bandwidth of the measurement systems when compared with common spindles. The capacitance displacement sensor has been employed for the spindle error test. The precision of the measurement system is limited by the reference (such as a master ball or a master cylinder). Also the capacitance sensor and the reference must be grounded together. This paper presents a simple spindle measurement system using a laser diode and a quadrants sensor, with accuracy up to 1 μm, within 300,000 rpm for various spindles. The system does not need any reference and it is easy to set up. This system can be applied to measure the spindle errors, the spindle speed and the spindle indexing.     

Formation of WC/Ni hard alloy coating by laser cladding of W/C/Ni pure element powder blend

WC/Ni coating was formed by laser cladding of a W/C/Ni powder blend. The formed WC crystals have rectangular or quadrangle cross-section shapes with size of 2–30 μm. Step, twist and cross growth morphologies of WC formation were observed. The coating contains WC, CW_3, WNi, FeW₃C, Fe₆W₆C, W₃O, W, C, and (Fe,Ni) phases.     

X射线透射成像技术原位追踪混凝土吸水过程

为了表征二维混凝土的传输过程,制备厚度为1 mm的混凝土薄片. 采用X射线透射成像（TXR）技术,联合扫描电镜、背散射和能谱分析技术（SEM/BSE/EDS）原位追踪水在2维混凝土薄片中的毛细自吸过程. 测试不同质量分数CsCl溶液对X射线透射图像的增强效果. 结果表明,CsCl能够提高吸水过程中混凝土薄片的TXR图像对比度,使得水在混凝土中的渗流路径更清晰、可辨. 水泥浆体在吸收CsCl后,扫描电子背散射图像的对比度显著增强. 不同位置铯原子的EDS能谱结果验证了TXR技术确定吸水前锋位置的准确性.     

Laser Dressing of Metal Bonded Diamond Wheel

In this study, a laser beam is used as a non-contact thermal dressing tool for a bronze bonded diamond wheel. The pulsed-Nd:YAG laser beam is irradiated on the wheel surface and the bond material partially removed by laser irradiation only. In order to efficiently remove the bond material, it is necessary to direct an air jet on the spot irradiated by the laser so as to blow away the molten binder before it solidifies again. Less damage of diamond particles such as micro-cracks or graphitization occurs. In grinding with a laser-dressed wheel, the grinding forces are almost the same as those for a conventionally dressed wheel. Consequently, effective laser dressing can be expected with the associated dressing conditions.     

Mapping and Modelling Single Scan Track Formation in Direct Metal Selective Laser Melting

When a laser beam scans the surface of a metallic powder bed, the resulting track may be continuous with a crescent shape cross-section, continuous with an elliptical section, discontinuously irregularly broken, discontinuously balled or only partially melted. This paper reports experimental observations of what CO₂laser powers and scan speeds lead to what type of track, for M2 and H13 tools steels and 314S stainless steel powder beds. It also presents measurements of bed physical properties relevant to predicting the behaviour and the results of modelling that agree with the experiments. The results are placed in the broader context of selective laser melting build strategies     

高铝高炉渣系的熔化特性

 为了掌握高Al₂O₃条件下(w(Al₂O₃)为15%以上)高炉渣系的熔化特性,利用差式扫描量热仪分析了不同w(MgO)/w(Al₂O₃)、碱度(R)以及w(Al₂O₃)对高铝高炉渣的熔化温度及熔化热的影响。试验结果表明,炉渣熔化开始温度为1 248～1 291 ℃、熔化结束温度为1 432～1 485 ℃、熔化热为137～211 J/g;当w(Al₂O₃)=15%、高w(MgO)/w(Al₂O₃)时,发生了共晶逆反应,导致高炉炉渣熔化开始温度逐渐降低,但由于高炉炉渣的液相线温度基本未变,所以炉渣熔化结束温度基本未发生改变;w(Al₂O₃)为20%时,随着w(MgO)/w(Al₂O₃)的增加,炉渣中易生成熔点较高的镁铝尖晶石,导致高炉炉渣熔化开始温度逐渐增大,与此同时,炉渣液相线温度逐渐降低,导致炉渣熔化结束温度逐渐降低;随着碱度R的增加,高炉炉渣中生成了具有高熔点的化合物、炉渣的液相线温度升高,使得高炉炉渣的熔化开始温度逐渐增加、炉渣熔化结束温度逐渐升高;随着w(Al₂O₃)的增加,发生了共晶逆反应,故炉渣的熔化开始温度逐渐降低,而随着w(Al₂O₃)的增加,炉渣中键能较大的Al—O键增多,需要在更高温度下才能实现炉渣的最终熔化,即熔化结束温度逐渐增加;随着w(MgO)/w(Al₂O₃)、R以及w(Al₂O₃)的增加,炉渣熔化热逐渐增多。分析认为,随着R的增加,炉渣中有高熔点化合物的生成,熔化热增加;随着炉渣中w(Al₂O₃)的增加,炉渣中Al—O键增多,解聚破坏熔渣结构消耗的热量增多;而随着w(MgO)/w(Al₂O₃)增加,高熔点化合物的生成或熔化开始温度降低,造成熔化热增加。     

扫描速度对硼铸铁气缸套表面钨极氩弧硬化效果的影响

研究了钨极氩弧扫描速度对硼铸铁表面硬化效果的影响规律。结果表明：扫描速度增加,硬化层宽度、深度减小,而硬度提高,裂纹率增大；硬化层硬度沿层深的分布是从表及里由高而低,在过渡区下降缓慢；沿层宽的分布是层中心最高,向两侧逐渐降低,直至硼铸铁基体达到最低值；在保证不出现裂纹的条件下,硬化层表面的最高硬度值可达61．4HRC,硬化层最高显微硬度值可达1156．4HV0．1；硼铸铁材料采用氩弧热源淬火时,淬硬层与基体之间过渡区明显,硬化区组织为莱氏体,过渡区为马氏体、残余奥氏体和少量石墨。     

Zr对Cu—Zn—Al形状记忆合金相变的影响

采用示差扫描热分析(DSC)、X射线衍射及透射电镜,研究了Zr对Cu-Zn-Al合金高温相变、马氏体正逆转变以及形状记忆效应的影响。结果表明,添加Zr0.35wt-％时,能有效地抑制α,γ相析出,促进β_2→DO_3→18RM转变。(M_s-M_f)及(A_s-A_f)温度区间较窄,马氏体相变激活能最低,马氏体变体间界面的可动性好,形状记忆效应最佳。     

Effect of laser fluences on the structure of carbon nitride films deposited by direct current plasma assisted pulsed laser ablation

Carbon nitride films were deposited by direct current plasma assisted pulsed laser ablation of a graphite target under a nitrogen atmosphere at room temperature. The surface morphology, composition and bonding structure of the deposited films were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The effect of laser fluences in the range 0.5–3 J/cm² on the surface morphology, composition and bonding structure of the carbon nitride films were systematically studied. As laser fluence is increased, AFM results show a great decrease in the surface roughness of carbon nitride films. FTIR and XPS results indicate an increase in the N/C ratio and the content of N atoms bonded to sp³ C, as well as a decrease in the content of H atoms and the content of N atoms boned to sp² C in the deposited films, and Raman spectra indicate an increase in the content of disordered sp² C atoms and the sp² cluster size. The increase in the film density and the decrease in the particle fraction contribute to the decrease of surface roughness with increasing laser fluence.