Estimation of net radiation from the MODIS data under all sky conditions: Southern Great Plains case study

Net radiation is a key component in the surface radiation budget. Numerous studies have developed frameworks to estimate net radiation or its components (upwelling or downwelling longwave and/or shortwave radiation) from remote sensing data for clear sky conditions. Application of existing methodologies to estimate net radiation for cloudy sky conditions from remote sensing sensors remains a significant challenge. In this paper, we present a framework to estimate instantaneous and daily average net radiation under all sky conditions from using the data from the MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), onboard from the Terra satellites. Bisht et al. (2005) methodology is used for the clear sky portion of the MODIS overpass; while for cloudy portion of the MODIS overpass an extension of Bisht et al. (2005) methodology is applied. The extension of Bisht et al. (2005) methodology utilizes the MODIS cloud data product (MOD06_L2) for cloud top temperature, cloud fraction, cloud emissivity, cloud optical thickness and land surface temperature for cloudy days. The methodology is applied over the Southern Great Plains (SGP) for a time period covering all seasons of 2006. During the MODIS-Terra overpasses in 2006 over the SGP, only 24% of day-overpasses and 9% of night-overpasses had 75% or more of the study region as cloud free. Thus, this proposed study is applicable to a large portion of the MODIS-Terra overpasses. The root mean square errors (RMSE) of instantaneous and daily average net radiation estimated under cloudy conditions using the MOD06_L2 product, comparing to ground-based measurements are 37 W m^− 2 and 38 W m^− 2, respectively. The strength of the proposed methodology is that it can rely exclusively on remote sensing data in the absence of ancillary ground observations, thus it has a potential to estimate surface energy budget globally.     

Seasonal variation of columnar aerosol optical properties over Athens, Greece, based on MODIS data

A long-term (2000–2005) data set of aerosol optical properties obtained from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is analyzed focusing on the Greater Athens Area in the Eastern Mediterranean region. The MODIS aerosol optical depth standard product (AOD at 550 nm) and its respective ratio attributed to fine-mode particles (FM) are employed to evaluate the inter-annual and seasonal variability of the aerosol properties over Athens. Based on AOD₅₅₀ and FM values three specific aerosol types are discriminated corresponding to different aerosol load and optical properties. The aerosol types considered correspond to urban/industrial aerosols, coarse-mode particles and clean maritime conditions. This study focuses on the seasonal and year-to-year fluctuation of the number of occurrences as well as the AOD₅₅₀ and FM values of each aerosol type. The coarse-mode particles are observed mainly in the summer, while spring is the most favorable season for the occurrence of urban/industrial aerosols. On the other hand, clean maritime conditions occur mainly in the winter. The AOD₅₅₀ values for the coarse-mode particles are higher in spring, while the urban/industrial and clean maritime aerosols exhibit slightly higher values in the summer. The seasonal distribution of the aerosol properties is related to anthropogenic and dust emissions in the spring/summer period, but is modified by atmospheric dispersion and precipitation in late autumn/winter. The main conclusion of the study is that the coarse-mode particles exhibit much stronger inter-annual and seasonal variability compared to the urban/industrial aerosols. Finally, three cases corresponding to each aerosol type are analyzed with the aid of synoptic weather maps, air mass trajectories and MODIS data.     

The influence of epiphylls on remote sensing of humid forests

Epiphylls - lichens, fungi, liverworts, etc. infesting leaf surfaces - are found throughout humid forests of the world. It is well understood that epiphylls inhibit light interception by host plants, but their effect on remote sensing of colonized forests has not been examined. Incorporating leaf-level spectra from Terra Firme (primary forest) and Amazonian Caatinga (woodlands/forest growing on nutrient-deficient sandy soils), we used the GeoSAIL model to propagate leaf-level measurements to the canopy level and determine their effect on commonly used vegetation indices. In Caatinga, moderate infestations (50% leaf area epiphyll cover), lowered simulated Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) values by 6.1% and 20.4%, respectively, largely due to near infrared dampening. Heavy infestation (100% cover) simulations exhibited decreases 1.5-2 times greater than those of moderate infestations. For Terra Firme, which are generally less affected by epiphylls, moderate (20% leaf area) and heavy infestations (40%) lowered EVI by 4.4% (S.D. 0.8%) and 8.1% (S.D. 1.5%), respectively. Near infrared and green reflectance were most affected at the canopy level, showing mean decreases of 10.6% (S.D. 2.25%) and 9.5% (S.D. 3.49%), respectively, in heavy Terra Firme infestations. Time series of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) data corroborated the modeling results, suggesting a degree of coupling between epiphyll cover and the EVI and NDVI. These results suggest that, without explicit consideration of the presence of epiphylls, remote sensing-based methodologies may underestimate leaf area index, biomass and productivity in humid forests.     

基于Landsat的补连塔矿区植被时序特征分析

煤炭在我国能源结构中占有重要的地位。西北地区煤炭储量丰富,但是西北地区降水稀少、植被稀疏,生态环境脆弱。因此矿区植被时序分析对于西北矿区生态保护具有重要意义。本文基于神东矿区的补连塔煤矿为研究区,利用2000～2017年Landsat遥感影像,引入归一化植被指数(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI),分析了补连塔煤矿在近15年以来矿区植被变化。结果表明:矿区植被出现明显增长趋势,分析原因是补连塔主要为井工矿,矿区开采对地表植被影响不明显,同时煤矿企业对区域生态建设投入大量资金。影像NDVI变异系数(Coefficient of Variation,CV)介于0. 2～0. 3之间,说明整个矿区NDVI离散性较小,整个矿区的植被覆盖比较平均。     

气溶胶散射对海洋水色遥感辐射偏振校正的影响

辐射偏振校正对具有相对较大偏振响应的海洋水色卫星遥感器(如Aqua MODIS)是十分必要的,可在一定程度上提高海洋水色信息提取的精度.目前, MODIS已经实现了业务化的辐射偏振校正,但其算法中忽略了气溶胶散射对大气顶辐射偏振分量的影响.利用海洋-大气耦合矢量辐射传输模型PCOART,分别模拟获得纯瑞利大气(无气溶胶)和气溶胶光学厚度为0.2大气时的大气顶辐射偏振分量.结果表明,除太阳耀斑区外,气溶胶散射对蓝光波段(443 nm)大气顶线偏振辐亮度的贡献很小,可以忽略不计,而对近红外波段(865 nm)大气顶线偏振辐亮度的贡献显著.此外,将PCOART数值模拟的大气顶瑞利散射辐射线偏振反射率与POLDER实际观测的大气顶线偏振反射率进行了比较,结果同样说明了气溶胶散射对蓝光波段(443 nm)大气顶线偏振反射率的贡献很小,而对近红外波段(865 nm).大气顶线偏振反射率的贡献显著.最后,在现有MODIS辐射偏振校正算法基础上,提出了考虑气溶胶散射的海洋水色卫星遥感辐射偏振校正算法,并利用POLDER实测的大气顶线偏振反射率对算法进行了检验,结果表明,无论是在443 nm波段,还是在865 nm波段,均比MODIS辐射偏振校正算法估算大气顶辐射偏振分量更接近POLDER实测结果.     

一种新的MODIS 0级数据地理定位方法

MODIS 1B数据文件中包含有象素的地理定位信息,该地理定位信息的精确度越高,后期的处理及应用工作质量越高.通过对利用角度和向量关系迭代算法,不断修正MODIS 0级数据的地理经纬度的一种新的MODIS 0级数据地理定位方法进行研究,最终得到比使用传统方法更精确的地理定位信息.     

利用MODIS数据计算北京地区的气溶胶直接辐射强迫

气溶胶通过吸收和反射太阳辐射直接影响地-气系统的辐射平衡.随着技术和反演算法不断改进,以卫星遥感气溶胶为基础,计算气溶胶直接辐射强迫成为可能.基于MODIS气溶胶和地表反照率数据集,结合MODTRAN辐射传输模式,计算北京地区2004～2009年气溶胶直接辐射强迫,并将计算结果与AERONET结果对比,证明了利用该方法...     

MODIS数据处理平台在旱情监测中的应用研究

研究基于MODIS（中分辨率成像光谱仪）数据和降水信息,结合地面实测数据进行区域的旱情监测。搭建了基于网格技术的MODIS数据处理平台,对遥感数据进行前期加工,利用水文气象信息,通过分析和选取合适的干旱因子构建遥感干旱综合监测模型。建立了干旱综合监测数据处理系统,初步实现了MODIS数据自动处理和旱情分析的过程。     

Deriving consistent long-term vegetation information from AVHRR reflectance data using a cover-triangle-based framework

Long-term vegetation dynamics associated with climatic changes can be assessed using Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) red and near-infrared reflectance data provided that the data have been processed to remove the effects of non-target signal variability, such as atmospheric and sensor calibration effects. Here we present a new method that performs a relative calibration of reflectance data to produce consistent long-term vegetation information. It is based on a simple biological framework that assumes that the position of the vegetation cover triangle is invariant in reflectance space. This assumption is in fact an intrinsic assumption behind the commonly used Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and is violated when the NDVI is calculated from inadequately corrected reflectance data. In this new method, any temporal variability in the position of the cover triangle is removed by geometrically transforming the observed reflectance data such that two features of the triangle—the soil line and the dark point—are stationary in reflectance space. The fraction of Photosynthetically Active Radiation absorbed by vegetation (fPAR; 0.0-0.95) is then calculated, via the NDVI, from calibrated reflectances. This method was tested using two distinct, monthly AVHRR products for Australia: (i) the coarse-resolution, fully calibrated, partially atmospherically corrected PAL data (1981-1994); and (ii) the fine-resolution, fully calibrated, non-atmospherically corrected HRPT data (1992-2004). Results show that, in the 20-month period when the two datasets overlap (1992-1994), the Australia-wide, root mean square difference between the two datasets improved from 0.098 to 0.027 fPAR units. The calibrations have produced two approximately equivalent datasets that can be combined as a single input into time-series analyses. The application of this method is limited to areas that have a wide-enough variety of land-cover types so that the soil line and dark point are evident in the cover triangle in every image of the time-series. Another limitation is that the methodology performs only bulk, relative calibrations and does not remove the absolute effects of observation uncertainties. The simplicity of the method means that the calibration procedure can be easily incorporated into near-real-time operational remote-sensing environments. Vegetation information produced using this invariant-cover-triangle method is expected to be well suited to the analysis of long-term vegetation dynamics and change.     

黄河三角洲NDVI与Albedo时空分布规律

采用MODIS科学组L3级产品,详细分析了黄河三角洲地区NDVI和Albedo的时空分布规律,结果表明:①该产品具备相当高的精度,基本反映了研究区的植被覆盖和地表反照率的变化规律,并与土地利用变化情况吻合较好;②MODIS地表反照率对黄河三角洲地区具有一定的适用性;③黄河三角洲地区人类活动特别是农业耕作的季节性更替对NDVI的年内变化影响显著;④黄河三角洲地区的Albedo也具有明显的季节性变化,但其变化规律要比NDVI复杂得多。