This study proposes a method of coupling adaptable and adaptive approaches to the design of menus. The proposed complementary menu types incorporate both adaptability and adaptivity by dividing and allocating menu adaptation roles to the user and the system. Four different types of interface adaptation (i.e., adaptable with/without system support and adaptive with/without user control) were defined. They were implemented in a hypothetical prototype mobile phone via a hotlist (an additional collection of quickly accessible items). A controlled lab experiment was conducted to compare the menu types and investigate the effects of the system support in the adaptable menus and the user control in the adaptive menus. Twenty subjects participated in the experiment and performed menu selection tasks. Both performance and user satisfaction measures were collected. The results showed that adaptable and adaptive menus were superior to the traditional one in terms of both performance and user satisfaction. Providing system support to the adaptable menu not only increased the users’ perception of the efficiency of selection, but also reduced the menu adaptation time. Important implications for the design of menus are described and valuable insights into the menu interface adaptation were gained from the quantitative and qualitative analyses of the experimental results.
Relevance to industry
The evaluation experiment conducted in this study may provide valuable information to designers of adaptive or adaptable menus. Adding system support to adaptable menu would be an attractive option to consider. Also, the results of a user survey provide useful information to the practitioners in mobile phone industry on the features users accessed most frequently. 相似文献
An overview of current US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) compliance objectives in the use and control of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) in public drinking water treatment will be presented. Although these objectives were proposed in the 1994 Disinfectants/Disinfection Byproducts Rule (D/DBP), simple modifications to the frequency and approved list of analytical methods in the final Rule will greatly enhance public health protection afforded by operators at water treatment plants.
Ongoing concerns of acute health risks are associated with overexposure to ClO2 or its principal DBP, the chlorite ion. Water leaving the plant needs to be monitored for both compounds on a daily basis using either approved or newly‐devised, more accurate methods such as Lissamine Green B. Monthly determinations for chlorite and chlorate ion species, using approved ion chromatography (EPA method 300.0 or 300.1), must also be carried out on samples from 3 locations in the distribution system. Lack of control of the generation process can influence purity of the ClO2, possibly leading to elevated levels of undesirable byproducts associated with its use. Notable organoleptic episodes of peculiar and unusually obnoxious character may result from such high levels in finished waters. Specific examples of simplified testing methods and suggestions for operator and process control are outlined. Operational steps may be taken that ensure accurate ClO2 feed control, equipment reliability and simple assessment of finished water for residual oxidants. Such operator‐based practices can be easily established on a day‐to‐day basis. These practices compliment the recent USEPA D/DBP Stage 1 final compliance monitoring schedules, provide adequate in‐plant operator control of chemical feed, and can lead to avoidance of severe public notification required by USEPA in the event of non‐compliance. 相似文献
