碳纳米管及稀土元素钇(Y)对高Ni含量Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷组织与性能的影响

研究了不同含量的碳纳米管及0.8%稀土Y对高Ni含量Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷组织性能的影响.将不同成分的试样分别于1400℃、1410 ℃、1420℃真空烧结,测试抗弯强度、洛氏硬度,观察背散射电子形貌、断口形貌并做能谱分析.结果表明,加入质量分数(下同)为0.8%Y及0.3%～1.0%的碳纳米管时,碳纳米管含量为0.5%的组织较均匀,芯壳结构明显,抗弯强度及硬度均较高.     

各向异性Sm2Fe17Nx磁粉的结构与磁性能

研究了Sm2Fe12Nx磁粉的制备、结构与磁性能，发现Sm—Fe合金的铸态组织主要由Sm2Fe17、α—Fe和SmFe2三种物相组成，而经过1000℃均匀化退火48h处理后富Sm的SmFe2相基本消失，α—Fe相的品粒变小，数量减少。随着氯化时间延长到10h，Sm2Fe17相始终未改变其Th2Zn17型结构，而氯原子浓度增加，所有的X射线衍射峰均向小角度方向移动；但在氮化时间超过10h后，物相要发生变化，导致磁性能降低。在500℃下流动的氮气氛中对Sm2Fe17合金氮化2、4、6、10h未加磁场取向的磁粉中，以氮化6h的磁性能值最高：σr＝35．44Am^2/kg(emu／g)，Hc＝58kA／m(729．03Oe)。磁性能值偏低的原因与测量磁场较低，粒径分布不均匀及粒径较大有关。     

Analysis of Intermetallic Phases Formed on Surface Vapor Oxidized H13 Hot Work Steels in Molten Aluminum

In this paper, the author dipped surface vapor oxidized H13 steel specimens into 700℃ molten aluminum liquid for a certain period of time. Analyze the intermetallic phases formed on the H13 samples surface with optical microscope and X-ray diffraction method. The observation of immersion test sample's cross-section shows that Fe3O4 film will protect die substrate from molten aluminum erosion. The identification of the intermetallic phases reveals that they consist of 2parts, which is named as the composite layer and the compact layer. Further investigations are made in order to know the phase constituents of the 2 layers, they are Al8Fe2Si (outer composite layer), (AlCuMg) and Al5Fe2 (compact layer),respectively. The experimental results show that on the same specimen, a convex surface with bigger radius of curvature is more likely to be molten and the melting loss speed is also faster than a flat and smooth surface. The thickness of compact layer on a smooth surface is much bigger than that of the convex surface. Therefore, the author supposes the compact layer is favorable in stabilizing the die surface material from further melting loss, as their formation on the die surface, the melting loss speed will decrease.     

Response of rainfed bread and durum wheat to source,level and timing of nitrogen fertilizer on two Ethiopian Vertisols: II. N uptake,recovery and efficiency

In trials conducted at 2 highland Vertisol sites in Ethiopia in 1990 and 1991, 2 locally popular wheat cultivars, 1 spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and 1 durum wheat (T. durum Desf.), were supplied with nitrogen (N) fertilizer at 0, 60 and 120 kg N ha^–1 in the form of large granular urea (LGU), standard urea prills or ammonium sulfate. N was applied all at sowing, all at mid-tillering or split-applied between these two stages (1/3:2/3). While durum wheat exhibited the highest N concentration in grain and straw, bread wheat, because of its higher productivity, resulted in a greater grain and total N uptake. In general, split application of N and use of LGU as N source enhanced grain and total N uptake, apparent N recovery and agronomic efficiency of N, particularly under severe water-logging stress. Where significant, the interactions among the experimental factors substantiated the superior responsiveness of the bread wheat cultivar to fertilizer N, and the beneficial effects of split N application and LGU as an N source. Split application of N tended to nullify the positive effects of LGU, presumably by approximating the delayed release of N achieved with LGU. Considering the potential benefits to Ethiopian peasant farmers and consumers, split application of N should be advocated, particularly on water-logged Vertisols; LGU could be an advantageous N source assuming a cost comparable to the conventional N source urea.     

A comparison of the performance of N simulation models in the prediction of Nmin on farmers' fields in the spring

The performance of three different models, which simulate changes in the inorganic N content of the soil, was evaluated in respect of their ability to predict N_min content in the spring under cereal crops. The models of British, Dutch and German origin, were tested using data from farmers' fields supplied by 70 farmers over two growing seasons in FRG. The models were run between harvest of the previous crop and spring of the following year, and predictions of N_min in the spring compared to soil measurements. The performance of the models was assessed by counting the number of cases in which predictions agreed within 10 or 20 kg (N) ha^–1 of the measurements. Predictions were less than ± 10 kg (N) ha^–1 of measured values in only 30–44% and 28–55% of cases in 1988 and 1989, respectively. Predictions were less than ± 20 kg (N) ha^–1 of measured values in 62–70% and 68–82% of cases in 1988 and 1989, respectively. Predictions in 1989 were better because the initial N_min content in the autumn was included in the model input. None of the models tested had been designed to use input data of the type available to farmers. It is concluded that, at present, the results are too variable for any of the models to be used with confidence as tools to aid in N fertilizer recommendations.     

Algal phagostimulants for marine herbivorous gastropods

Methanol extracts of the green algaUlva pertusa contain four kinds of glycerolipids that are active as feeding-stimulants for marine herbivorous gastropods. These compounds are digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), 1,2-diacylglycerly-4-O-(N,N,N-trimethyl)-homoserine (DGTH), 1-monoacylglyceryl-4'-O-(N,N,N-trimethyl)-homoserine (MGTH), and 6-sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG). The various gastropods exhibit marked specificity, however, as young abaloneHaliotis discus respond to DGDG and DGTH at minute dosages of 20–30 g/sample zone, but do not respond to 300 g of SQDG, which is a phagostimulant for two other kinds of gastropods,Turbo comutus andOmphalius pfeifferi.Chemical Studies on Phagostimulants for Marine Gastropods. Part VI. For Part V, see Sakata et al. (1986b).     

N,N′-乙撑双[N(乙磺酸钠)-十二酰胺]的合成与性能评价

以乙二胺、2-氯乙基磺酸钠、月桂酸等为原料合成了N,N′-乙撑双[N(乙磺酸钠)-十二酰胺](简记为DTM-12)。以IR和1HNMR对其结构进行了初步表征。该目标产物水溶液的CMC(0.5 mmol/L)分别是十二烷基硫酸钠和十二烷基磺酸钠的1/16和1/20,γCMC(29.7 mN/m)低8~9 mN/m。DTM-12分别与十二烷基三甲基溴化铵(DTAB)和辛基酚聚乙氧基醚9-10EO(Triton X-100)组成的复配体系在摩尔比为3∶7时,CMC达到0.106和0.049 mmol/L,γCMC达到25.4和31.7 mN/m,优于十二烷基磺酸钠组成的复配体系。DTM-12还具有良好的起泡性和稳泡性。     

Predicting N mineralized in a Georgia Coastal Plain field

The N mineralized from soil organic matter provides an important portion of N available for crop production. The objective of this study was to determine the amount of spatial variability in N mineralization potential in a field and to evaluate three different methods that might be used to estimate this variability. The three methods tested included predicting the N mineralized from surface soil properties as well as from a biological and a chemical procedure. Three soils varying in N mineralization potential were selected for the study from a field in the Georgia Coastal Plain. The N mineralized from these soils was determined by an N balance of unfertilized and cropped plots. The amount of N mineralized could not be reliably predicted from surface soil organic C, although surface soil clay concentration was positively correlated with the N mineralized. The N mineralized that was predicted using mineralization parameters determined by aerobic incubation, adjusted daily for soil water content and temperature, was approximately 50% of the field measurements of N mineralized. The values of NH₄-N extracted with hot 2 M KCl were related significantly to N mineralized in the field (r²= 0.60) and also to the zero order rate constant of mineralization, k₀ (r²= 0.77), determined from the N mineralized in the aerobic laboratory incubation.     

具有数据包丢失的离散随机不确定系统的线性最优满阶估值器

研究了具有数据包丢失和随机不确定性离散随机线性系统的状态估计问题.其中数据包丢失是随机的,且满足Bernoulli分布,系统矩阵中的随机不确定性由一个白色乘性噪声来描述.首先,通过配方方法,提出了最小均方意义下的无偏最优线性递推满阶滤波器.所提出的滤波器用到了当前时刻和最近时刻接收到的观测来保证线性最优性.与多项式滤波和增广滤波器相比,本文的滤波器具有较小的计算负担.然后,基于所获得的线性滤波器推导了线性最优预报器和平滑器.进一步研究了线性最优估值器的渐近稳定性,给出了稳态特性存在的一个充分条件.最后,通过两个仿真例子验证了所提估计算法的优越性.     

Photophysical studies of copolymers of N‐vinylcarbazole

The absorption, fluorescence excitation and emission spectroscopy, and time‐dependent spectrofluorimetry have been used to study the photophysics of copolymers of N‐vinylcarbazole with different monomers like vinyl acetate, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, and butyl methacrylate in dichloromethane. In all the copolymers and at different N‐vinylcarbazole content, the absorption spectra reflect only the monomer carbazole units. The two kinds of excited monomer species of N‐vinylcarbazole are present in S₁ state. Short‐lived (～3 ns) excited monomer decays forming low energy excimer obtained by the complete overlap of the excited carbazole monomer. The long‐lived excited monomer (～8 ns) decays to ground state without formation of any excimer. The high energy excimer is relatively short‐lived and is formed by the partial overlap of the carbazole units. The presence of bulky group in the copolymer chain hinders the formation of excimers. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 372–380, 2006