Specific features of thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate subjected to γ radiation

Results of studying thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) samples in the original form and after irradiation by γ-quanta of ⁶⁰Co by methods of differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic thermogravimetry with heating rates b = 0.1–0.3 K/sec are described. Irradiation is performed in air at a temperature of 298 ± 2 K and a dose rate of ≈0.2 Gy/sec in the range of absorbed doses D = 0–150 kGy. Preliminary irradiation is demonstrated to lead to substantial transformations of the pattern of thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate in the dynamic regime of heating: the single-stage process of decomposition of non-irradiated samples proceeding at b = 0.107 K/sec in the temperature range of 625 to 743 K is replaced by a multistage process. At D = 150 kGy, exothermal transformations accompanied by noticeable losses of sample mass are observed starting from 473 K. Within experimental errors, the total thermal effect of AP decomposition is found to be independent of the absorbed dose and amounts to −1150 kJ/kg on the average. __________ Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 43, No. 6, pp. 69–74, November–December, 2007.     

Direct conversion of methane to higher hydrocarbons via an oxygen free,low-temperature route

The direct conversion of methane to higher hydrocarbons over a silica-supported Ru catalyst has been investigated via an oxygen free, two-step route. The reaction consists of decomposition of methane over a 3% silica-supp orted Ru catalyst at temperatures between 400 and 800 K to produce surface carbonaceous species followed by rehydrogenation of these species to higher hydrocarbons at of 368 K. It was found that the Ru/SiO₂ catalyst exhibits a trend similar to that for single-crystal Ru catalysts. However, the temperature at which a maximum in ethane selectivity occurs shifts toward a higher temperature. It was also found that the ethane yield can be optimized by changing the surface carbon coverage. Under optimum conditions a net ethane yield of about 13–15% has been realized. For this two-step reaction sequence, only a few reaction cycles could be operated without intermediate high temperature rehydrogenation and without significant loss in ethane yield. This is attributed to large amounts of inactive carbon that could not be hydrogenated at 368 K. Higher methane partial pressures were found to be desirable for this reaction. The activity of the catalyst could also be maintained at total pressures up to 10 atm.     

Decreasing trends in total suspended solids and cumulative effects of nonpoint source projects in the Cuyahoga River Watershed,OH

Using the US EPA’s Grants Reporting and Tracking System (GRTS), we test if completion of best management practices (BMPs) through the Clean Water Act Section (4)319 National Nonpoint Source Program was associated with a decreasing trend in total suspended solids (TSS) load (metric tons/year). The study area chosen had 21 completed projects in the Cuyahoga River watershed in northeastern Ohio from 2000 to 2018. The 4319 projects ranged from dam removal, floodplain/wetland restoration to stormwater projects. There was an overall decreasing trend in TSS loads. We identified three phases of project implementation and completion, where phase 1 had ongoing projects, but none completed (2000–2004). The steepest decrease in loads, identified as phase 2 (2005–2011), was associated with completion of low-head dam modification and removal projects on the mainstem of the Cuyahoga River. A likely decreasing trend was associated with projects completed in the tributaries, such as natural channel design restoration and stormwater green infrastructure (phase 3). Pairing sediment reduction estimates from projects with the river’s flow normalized TSS loading trend, we estimated that the 4319 effort may account for a small fraction of the TSS load reduction. Other stream restoration projects (non-4319) have also been done in the Cuyahoga watershed by other organizations. However, trying to compile these other projects is challenging in larger watersheds having multiple municipalities, agencies, and nonprofits doing restoration without better coordinated record keeping and monitoring. While a decreasing trend in a pollutant load is a desirable water quality outcome, determining what contributed to that trend remains difficult.     

Understanding massively multiplayer online role‐playing game addiction: A hedonic management perspective

Massively multiplayer online role‐playing game (MMORPG) addiction presents a serious issue worldwide and has attracted increasing attention from academic and other public communities. This article addresses this critical issue and fills research gaps by proposing and testing a research model of MMORPG addiction. Building on the conceptual foundation of the hedonic management model of addiction and the technology affordance perspective, we develop a research model explaining how MMORPG affordances (ie, achievement, social and immersion affordances) are associated with the duality of hedonic effects (ie, perceived positive mood enhancement and perceived negative mood reduction) and the extent of MMORPG addiction. Using structural equation modelling, we empirically test our research model with 406 MMORPG players. The results show that both perceived positive mood enhancement and perceived negative mood reduction positively correlate with the extent of MMORPG addiction. Furthermore, achievement and immersion affordances are positively associated with the duality of hedonic effects, whereas social affordance is not. Our study contributes to the growing body of technology addiction literature by revealing the relationships between the two hedonic effects and the extent of MMORPG addiction, and by offering a contextualised explanation of the role of MMORPG affordances in these relationships. We offer an alternative perspective on the far‐reaching, unintended relationships between technological affordances and addictive technology use. Our study provides game developers and policymakers with insights into preventing MMORPG addiction to create an entertaining, healthy virtual playground.     

桥梁断面涡激振动气动效应特性识别

为获取桥梁断面涡激共振过程中的气动效应特性,提出一种基于风洞试验的气动效应特性识别方法,首先提出涡振系统总体阻尼及刚度瞬时特性识别方法,在此基础上提出从涡振系统总体阻尼及刚度中分离气动阻尼及气动刚度的方法.以一个开口断面风洞试验数据为例对该方法的准确性进行了验证,并对该断面涡振气动效应特性进行研究.结果表明:识别得到的系统总体阻尼比为零的等高线与结构涡振响应曲线能很好吻合,从而验证了该方法的准确性.在此基础上对涡振过程中作用于结构的气动阻尼及气动刚度特性进行了研究,获得了气动阻尼及刚度随结构振幅和约化风速的变化规律,可为后续理论模型研究提供参考.     

冷弯薄壁受压C形截面局部屈曲荷载和承载力

为研究板组效应对冷弯薄壁受压C形截面局部屈曲荷载和承载力的影响,对组成其截面各板件局部屈曲时的变形协调情况进行理论分析,提出考虑该效应的腹板局部屈曲计算模型,基于能量法和静力平衡条件推导了冷弯薄壁受压C形截面局部屈曲荷载的解析解,并分别与有限条法和中国规范GB 50018—2002规定的方法进行对比.将所推导的解析解引入直接强度法,对21根冷弯薄壁C形受压短柱试验的承载力进行计算,并分别与承载力试验结果和按GB 50018—2002规定方法计算的承载力进行对比分析.结果表明:在屈曲荷载方面,本文推导的解析解合理可靠,而按中国规范规定的方法则存在系统误差,当截面高宽比小于4.5时,其结果偏于保守,当截面高宽比大于4.5时,其结果偏于不安全;在承载力方面,按本文方法计算的承载力与试验结果较为接近,合理可靠,而按中国规范规定方法计算的承载力较保守,并且随着截面宽高比的增大,保守趋势不断增大.     

稀薄效应下空气静压主轴动态特性分析及试验研究

针对微尺度下空气静压主轴的动态特性问题,建立了体现稀薄效应的主轴有限元模型,对主轴的模态、谐响应进行了研究。首先,基于有限元法对主轴进行建模,轴承部分采用Combin14弹簧单元建模。接着,通过扰动法得出稀薄效应下以及传统情况下轴承的刚度、阻尼参数,将此参数替代主轴模态分析中采用的弹簧单元的刚度、阻尼参数,结合主轴实际工作状态,进而分析出两种情况下的主轴的模态结果。然后,对主轴进行谐响应分析,校核之前模态分析结果。最后,对主轴进行锤击模态试验,从而检验两种状态下的模态分析结果。实验结果表明：稀薄效应下分析所得主轴1阶固有频率值较试验测量值的误差只有3.6%左右,而传统情况下得出的1阶频率值的误差在15%左右,这对主轴系统以后的优化设计和精度控制方面具有一定的理论依据。     

重力不同引起的载人月球车操纵差异分析

为分析月球与地球重力差异对驾驶员所带来的操纵影响,推导了载人月球车操纵动力学方程.基于径向基神经网络和间接逆模型的训练方法,建立以行驶轨迹为输入、驾驶员操纵转角为输出的载人月球车操纵动力学逆系统.采用两种不同类型的间接对比形式,包括地球重力条件下重复月面行驶的轨迹路线和月球重力条件下重复地面行驶的轨迹路线.将正弦函数和斜坡阶越函数作为驾驶员操纵输入,获得月球或地球重力条件下的行驶轨迹,并利用逆系统求解得到不同重力条件下行驶相同轨迹时驾驶员的操纵转角.结果表明,驾驶员在月球重力条件下需要做出更大的操纵转向角度、更快的操纵转向速度、更高的操纵转向变换频率,并且在月球重力条件下更不容易重复地球重力条件下的相同行驶轨迹.这说明载人月球车在月球重力条件下的操纵性能较差.     

Support principles of NPR bolt/cable and control techniques of large-deformation disasters

Deep mining has been paid much more attention because of the depletion of shallow mining resources.Traditional bolts could be invalid to accommodate large displacement and deformation in geomaterials.Consequently, alternative support and reinforcement bolts need to be studied and their constitutive models also need to be developed to help understanding for the complex stress-strain responses of rock masses under loadings. The effect of Negative Poisson's Ratio(NPR) that is attributed to the swelling phenomenon along the lateral direction may appear in metal materials under tensional loadings. Thence NPR materials often have an advantage over NPR ones in mechanical behavior such as impact resistance, antishearing, and energy absorbed. From the characteristics of NPR materials, a series of bolt and cable supports with the effect of NPR and constant-resistance have been recently developed. We here firstly introduce the structural features of NPR support. Then the constitutive model of NPR support is presented and its corresponding equation of energy equilibrium. Its basic principle interacted on rock masses is further discussed. Finally, NPR cables are employed to support the slope of an open-pit mine. The applications show that NPR cables can ease failure within the slope and play an important role in predicting and providing early warning of slope failure, together with a monitoring system of slope stability.     

Boost变换器负调电压建模分析

摘要 以电容电压作为输出反馈的Boost变换器是一个非最小相位系统,非最小相位反应引起的负调严重的影响系统的暂态性能及稳态性能。研究引起负调与变换器参数之间的关系对Boost变换器优化设计是一个关键问题。本文根据Boost变换器小信号数学模型推导给出非最小相位系统的负调电压表达式,指出衡量负调电压的两个指标：负调电压大小和负调电压峰值时间。根据负调电压表达式分析了输入电压、储能电感、占空比、占空比变化量、负载、滤波电容等参数对负调电压的影响。研究结果表明：输入电压和占空比变化量仅影响负调电压大小;储能电感、占空比、负载、滤波电容不仅影响负调的大小,同时影响负调的峰值时间。研究所得结论为Boost变换器的参数优化设计以及减小负调电压提高系统暂态性能及稳态性能提供了理论依据。仿真和实验结果验证了理论分析的正确性。