Microstructural characteristics and embrittlement phenomena in neutron irradiated 309L stainless steel RPV clad

The effects of neutron irradiation on the microstructural features and mechanical properties of 309L stainless steel RPV clad were investigated using TEM, SEM, small tensile, microhardness and small punch (SP) tests. The neutron irradiations were performed at 290 °C up to the fluences of 5.1 × 10¹⁸ and 1.02 × 10¹⁹ n/cm² (>1 MeV) in Japan Materials Testing Reactor (JMTR). The microstructure of the clad before and after irradiation was composed of main part of fcc austenite, a few percent of bcc δ-ferrite and small amount of brittle σ phase. After irradiation, not only the yield stress and microhardness, but SP ductile to brittle transition temperature (SP-DBTT) were increased. However, the increase in SP-DBTT is almost saturated, independent of the neutron fluence. Based on the TEM observation, the origin of irradiation hardening was accounted for by the irradiation-produced defect clusters of invisible fine size (<1-2 nm), and the shift of SP-DBTT was primary due to the higher hardening and the preferential failure of δ-ferrite. The embrittlement of the clad was strongly affected by the initial microstructural factors, such as the amount of brittle σ phase, which caused a cracking even in an early stage of deformation.     

基于S7-1200PLC的啤酒发酵温度控制系统研究

针对啤酒发酵温度控制系统具有时变性、非线性和滞后性的特征,运用传统控制方法不能实现啤酒发酵温度精确控制的问题。引入论域伸缩因子,设计变论域模糊PID控制器,实现PID参数在线精细整定;以S7-1200PLC控制器和KTP1000触摸屏为硬件基础,开发啤酒发酵自动控制系统,实现人机交互。啤酒发酵试验结果表明:啤酒发酵温度控制误差为±0.09℃,控制精度为0.75%,温度控制系统稳定性好、精度高,提高了啤酒质量。     

漂白废水中EOX含量的测定

分析了用2种相似的溶剂萃取漂白废水测定EOX含量的差别，对酸性和碱性条件下的萃取样分别进行了分析，并测定了3种纸浆漂白废水中EOX的含量。结果表明，EOX的生成与浆种关系密切，而与纸浆的卡伯值关系不大，这与AOX的生成有很大的差别。     

DTM139 1200锭高速细纱机性能分析与工艺优化(一)

为实现 DTM139 1200锭细纱机设备使用价值和运行效益最大化,详细分析了该机器材配置与纺纱工艺效果、纺纱速度的优化设计,阐述了集体落纱机构的特点、卷绕工艺及集体落纱工艺的优化,着重分析了确保集体落纱留头率的生产管理要点.指出东飞牵伸系统和新型落纱控制系统,可以满足各种纺纱工艺需求,包括重定量、大牵伸工艺;在对各种原料、各品种的生产实验跟踪中发现,落纱留头率可达98%以上;纺纱断头减少是改善落纱断头的必要条件;在生产中纺纱速度设定要根据纺纱环境、条件、品种、纺纱断头及后道质量要求确定,并且应通过不断的方案优化,才能找到最合理、最有效益的设计方案;在设备安装调试正常时,还应确保纺纱环境、纺纱条件正常,保证运转中的各种基础管理,做到精、细、实,这是确保设备高质、高产、高速、高效运行的必要条件     

The effects of decision timing for pricing and marketing efforts in a supply chain with competing manufacturers

This paper investigates the impact of decision timing for pricing and marketing efforts in a supply chain led by competing manufacturers. We develop and solve six games to consider the scenarios (games) where prices and marketing efforts (ME) are decided simultaneously, and when they are not (i.e., ME is set either before or after prices). We examine these three scenarios for the benchmark case of a bilateral monopolistic channel, then extend the analysis to a supply chain with competing manufacturers. We identify the optimal decision timing by comparing equilibrium profits and strategies across games in each supply chain setup. We find that a monopolistic manufacturer always prefers that prices and ME be decided simultaneously. However, this result does not hold when product competition is taken into account. The optimal decision timing for competing manufacturers depends on the retailer's and manufacturers' ME effectiveness levels as well as on competition intensity. Specifically, when ME are not very effective, a simultaneous decision scenario is preferred because it provides the advantage of higher profit margins or sales. However, for highly effective ME, manufacturers prefer to decouple ME and pricing decisions. The retailer's optimal scenario is either to make all decisions simultaneously or to choose prices prior to ME. This means that supply chain firms can face conflict due to the decision timing for prices and ME.