计算机科学中的几个泛系关系(三)--操作系统中的泛系关系

本文从泛系的观点来分析了Linux操作系统中观控的思想,辩异同的思想,以及形影关系。旨在通过这些实例来说明这些思想,为我们在认识复杂的计算机系统方面寻求理论上的支持。     

Surveillance and privacy – Beyond the panopticon. An exploration of 720-degree observation in level 3 and 4 vehicle automation

On the path to high-level vehicle automation, the degree of surveillance both inside and outside the car increases significantly. Consequently, ethical considerations are becoming central to questions around surveillance regimes and data privacy implicit in level 3 and 4 vehicle automation. In this paper, we focus on outputs from the EU Horizon 2020 project Vision Inspired Driver Assistance Systems (VI-DAS). In particular, we assess the VI-DAS 720-degree observation technology, critical to ensuring a safe Human Machine Interaction (HMI), from multiple theoretical perspectives to contribute to a better understanding of the phenomena of privacy. As a synonym for surveillance, we started our evaluation with Bentham's ideation of the panopticon. From there, it is a relatively short step to radical Foucauldian critiques that offered more dystopian technologies of power. However, both theorems demonstrate a limited understanding of the issue of data privacy in the context of safe transportation along the evolution of highly automated vehicles. Thus, to allow the debate to move beyond more binary discussions on privacy versus control/power and to a certain degree escape the shadow of the panopticon, we applied the Nissenbaum four theses framework of Contextual Integrity (CI). Her decision heuristic allowed us to introduce structure and a degree of precision in our thinking on the matter of privacy that represents a step forward to phenomena of privacy in a specific context. Our approach concludes that the VI-DAS 720-degree observation technology can respect the user's privacy through an appropriate flow of personal information. However, the flows of personal data must be strongly regulated to ensure that data is seen as a value in terms of a commodity to protect human life and not seen as an asset that needs to be turned into value in terms of capital or the facilitation of asymmetric power-relations.     

A Bayesian network incorporating observation error to predict phosphorus and chlorophyll a in Saginaw Bay

Empirical relationships between lake chlorophyll a and total phosphorus concentrations are widely used to develop predictive models. These models are often estimated using sample averages as implicit surrogates for unknown lake-wide means, a practice than can result in biased parameter estimation and inaccurate predictive uncertainty. We develop a Bayesian network model based on empirical chlorophyll-phosphorus relationships for Saginaw Bay, an embayment on Lake Huron. The model treats the means as unknown parameters, and includes structure to accommodate the observation error associated with estimating those means. Compared with results from an analogous simple model using sample averages, the observation error model has a lower predictive uncertainty and predicts lower chlorophyll and phosphorus concentrations under contemporary lake conditions. These models will be useful to guide pending decision-making pursuant to the 2012 Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement.     

Development and Testing of a New Computerized Link Analysis System

Link analysis (LA) is a popular ergonomic tool for studying and improving the layout of workspaces. It uses a data (event) recording method to input interactions of human behavior with their environment. The traditional “pen and paper'' method of LA is cumbersome, time consuming, and gives limited outputs. To address these limitations, the computerized link analysis (CLA) system was developed and tested in laboratory and real‐world environments. CLA offers an integrated task analysis tool, including traditional LA functions (layout, event recording) with more detail for operator activities, time‐motion functions, and multioperator data recording. As well as the conventional LA results (link diagrams and link tables), there are additional outputs for time‐event lists (start/end time, duration, chronology, additional notes, importance, and operator ID), and processed link diagrams with the link direction and frequency. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

观察法在英国医疗建筑设计研究与教学中的应用

在推动英国医疗建筑设计理性发展的诸多研究方法中,观察法因其简单有效而被广泛采用。为此,英国医疗建筑研究所(MARU)在研究生课程中特别设置了针对性的观察法练习。本文介绍观察法在英国医疗建筑设计研究与教学中的应用,希望对中国医疗建筑实践的理性发展有所助益。     

空间探测相控阵雷达系统的观测任务编排仿真

该文针对开发相控阵雷达目标信息处理系统时对仿真测量数据源的需求,研究了一种观测任务编排算法,模拟相控阵雷达在多目标跟踪方式下对目标的观测。该算法以各选定目标的过境预报信息为前提条件,结合雷达的跟踪能力、观测间隔,在过境期间内编排对目标的观测时刻,结果是产生一张目标与观测时刻对应的表。当视场内目标数大于雷达跟踪上限时,采取观测目标数最大化原则进行编排。仿真给出了任一时刻过境目标数与被编排的目标数的比较曲线,说明了该算法的有效性。     

引黄工程国际Ⅰ标新奥法施工爆破对隧洞围岩扰动影响的试验研究

围岩是隧洞最基本的支护结构成分，如何看待围岩、处理围岩是新奥法设计施工全过程中最首要的问题。岩体开挖后引起围岩承载力下降，其主要原因就是爆破的影响。为保护岩体天然承载力，减轻和消除因爆破给围岩带来的损伤，引黄国际Ⅰ标地下工程爆破参数优化试验与分析，提出了优化的隧洞光面爆破与松动爆破参数及在施工中应注意的有关问题，以保证围岩开挖后轮廓面光滑平整，并且最大限度地保护围岩少受扰动，致使新奥法施工顺利进行。并通过爆破振动的观测与分析，得出了只要按优化爆破参数开挖施工，并把最大单响药量控制在３０ｋｇ左右，爆破振动就不会对本洞１０ｍ以远以及距２０ｍ的相邻隧洞的围岩产生任何危害影响。     

素描的审视——对绘画基础教学的再认识

本文从"素描"一词的东西方观念解读,以素描是一切造型艺术的基础理论为出发点,深入强化基础绘画教学的重要性。在构造上把握物体内在本质的变化规律,注重素描训练中的形体塑造和结构分析,通过比例、解剖、透视等基本法则构成画面,更为重要的是提高学生运用理性的头脑和感性的动力,培养学生对自然物象的认识能力、观察能力、塑造能力及思维创造能力。     

平岗煤矿坚硬顶板工作面矿压观测研究

通过对平岗煤矿1202工作面的支架载荷观测,确定了该工作面顶板初次来压步距、周期来压步距、工作面压力分布规律,工作面支架的适应性。进一步阐明了工作面推进速度和小角度断层对来压步距及压力分布具有较大影响。工作面初次破断呈现横"O-X"型破断形式是造成来压初期中部压力偏小,而上下两端压力偏大的主要原因。     

Behind the kitchen door: A novel mixed method approach for exploring the food provisioning practices of the older consumer

Social Practice Theory offers a theoretical approach to understanding habitual, mundane and tacitly enacted practices that are performed within the domestic environment. To support the practical adoption of this theory, this paper reports and reflects upon a methodological application of Social Practice Theory which was used to investigate the domestic kitchen-based practices of older adults (aged 60+) in order to understand the role of food safety within the everyday performance of these. Social Practice Theory requires a research design that situates data generation techniques into the ‘space’ in which the practices are performed and gives equal investigative consideration to the physical and social spheres of practices. We demonstrate that these methodological principles necessitate the use of mixed methods, and this case study presents a ‘tool-kit’ of data generation techniques that produced visual, verbal, textual, technical and scientific data. Through the presentation of results at the level of the individual household, the case study demonstrates how the different data streams acted as analytical lenses which facilitated data corroboration and comparison, and provided the basis for a grounded conceptual elaboration of domestically situated food provisioning and handling practices and the role of food safety within these.